Mirror generator of sunlight with their own hands. Mirror hubs that increase efficiency for solar collectors. Advantages and disadvantages

Details Published: 12.10.2015 08:32

Free step by step guide Contains all the necessary information to create your own 0.5 kW with your own hand. The reflecting surface of the device will have an area of \u200b\u200babout 1 square meter, and the cost of its production will cost $ 79 to $ 145, depending on the region of residence.

SOL1, such a name has received a sunset from Gosol, will take approximately 1.5 cubic meters of space. Work on its manufacture will take about a week. Materials for its design will serve iron corners, plastic boxes, steel bars, and the main working element is a reflective hemisphere - it is proposed to perform from pieces of ordinary bathroom mirrors.

The solar hub can be used for baking, frying, heating water or preservation of food, by means of dehydration. The device can also serve as a demonstration example of the effective operation of solar energy and will help many entrepreneurs of developing countries begin their own business. In addition to promoting a decrease in harmful emissions into the atmosphere, Gosol's sun hubs will help reduce the cutting down of the forests, replacing the heated wood with clean energy of the Sun.

The Gosol instruction can be used not only to create and practical application, but also for the sale of solar hubs that will help to significantly reduce the threshold of access to solar energy, which is mainly generated by photocalvanic solar panels. Their cost remains at an extremely high level in the regions where it is often not possible to extract energy in other ways it is simply not possible.

Free solar concentrator instructions are available on the Gosol website, and to get it will need to leave your email address to which updated information will be sent. If you wish that the "sunny" initiative moves rapidly and on a larger scale, then you can support the company financially - startup still accepts cash contributions, the award for which will depend on the amount of donation.

According to the principle of operation, sun hubs are very different from. Moreover, heat-type solar power plants is much more efficient photovoltaic due to a number of features.

The task of the sun hub - focus the solar rays on the container with the coolantwhich can act, for example, oil or water, well absorb solar energy. Concentration methods are different: parabolic cylindrical hubs, parabolic mirrors, or heliocentric tower-type settings.

In one concentrators, the radiation of the Sun focuses along the focal line, in others - in the focal point, where the receiver is located. When solar radiation is reflected with a larger surface to a smaller surface (to the surface of the receiver), a high temperature is achieved, the coolant absorbs heat, moving through the receiver. The system as a whole also contains the accumulating part and the energy transmission system.

The efficiency of the hubs is greatly reduced during the cloud period, since only direct solar radiation focuses. It is for this reason that such systems achieve the highest efficiency in the regions where the level of insolation is especially high: in the deserts, in the equator area. To increase the efficiency of the use of solar radiation, the hubs are equipped with special trackers, tracking systems that ensure the most accurate orientation of the hubs in the direction of the Sun.

Since the cost of solar housing is high, and the tracking systems require periodic maintenance, their use is mainly limited by industrial electricity generation systems.

Such installations can be used in hybrid systems in aggregate, for example, with hydrocarbon fuel, then the accumulating system will reduce the cost of the resulting electricity. This will be possible, as the generation will occur around the clock.

Parabolocylindrical solar hubs There are up to 50 meters long, they have the appearance of an elongated mirror parabola. Such a hub consists of an array of concave mirrors, each of which collects parallel solar rays, and focuses them at a particular point. Along such a parabola, there is a pipe with a coolant so that all the rays reflected by mirrors reflected on it are focused. To reduce heat losses, the pipe is surrounded by a glass tube that is extended along the cylinder focus line.

Such hubs are located in the north-south direction, and they are certainly equipped with sun tracking systems. The radiation-focused radiation, heats the coolant to almost 400 degrees, it passes through heat exchangers, producing steam, which rotates the generator turbine.

For the sake of fair, it is worth noting that a photoelent can be located on the spot. However, despite the fact that with photocells, the size of the hubs can be smaller, it is fraught with a decrease in efficiency and overheating problem, which requires the development of a high-quality cooling system.

In the California State Desert in the 80s, 9 power plants were built on parabolocylindrical concentrators, a total capacity of 354 MW. Then the same company (Luz International) also elevated the SEGS I hybrid station in the Deggette, with a capacity of 13.8 MW, which included additionally furnaces on natural gas. In general, as of 1990, the company was built by hybrid power plants on the total power of 80 MW.

The development of solar generation at parabolocylindrical power plants is conducted in Morocco, Mexico, Algeria and other developing countries when financing the World Bank.

The specialists eventually conclude that today parabolocylindrical power plants are inferior to both profitability and efficiency of tower and plate-type solar power plants.

- This is similar to satellite plates, parabolic mirrors, which sunlight focus on the receiver, located in the focus of each such plate. At the same time, the temperature of the coolant with this heating technology reaches 1000 degrees. The liquid coolant is immediately fed to the generator or the engine, which is aligned with the receiver. Here are used, for example, stirling and brighton engines, which makes it possible to significantly increase the performance of such systems, since optical efficiency is high, and the initial costs are low.

The global record on the efficiency of the parabolic type of parabolic plate is 29% of the efficiency achieved when the thermal energy is transformed into an electric, on a plate installation, combined with the stirling engine on the Ranch Mirage.

Thanks to the modular design, the solar package systems are very promising, they allow you to easily achieve the required power levels for both hybrid consumers connected to utility power grids and autonomous. An example is the project "STEP", consisting of 114 mirrors of parabolic shape having a diameter of 7 meters located in Georgia.

The system produces medium, low and high pressure pairs. Low pressure pairs are fed to the air conditioning system of a knitted factory, medium pressure pairs for the most knitted production, and high pressure pairs are directly for generating electricity.

Of course, the carbed solar hubs combined with the stirling engine are interested in the owners of large energy companies. Thus, Corporation "Science Applications International Corporation", in collaboration with the top of energy companies, is developing a system using the Stirling engine and parabolic mirrors, which can produce 25 kW of electricity.

In solar power plants of a tower type with a central receiver, solar radiation focuses on the receiver, which is located at the top of the tower. Around the tower in large quantities reflectors-heliostats. Heneliostats are equipped with a two-way sun tracking system, thanks to which they are always turned in such a way that the rays are motionlessly concentrated on the heat transfer.

The receiver absorbs thermal energy, which then rotates the generator turbine.

The liquid coolant circulating in the receiver, transfers the steam to the heat accumulator. It usually works water vapor with a temperature of 550 degrees, air and another gaseous substance with a temperature of up to 1000 degrees, organic fluids with low boiling point - below 100 degrees, as well as liquid metal - up to 800 degrees.

Depending on the destination of the station, steam can rotate the turbine to generate electricity, or directly used on some production. The temperature in the receiver varies in the range from 538 to 1482 degrees.

The Tower Power Plant "Solar One" in Southern California, one of the first stations of this type, originally produced electricity through the water-steam system, issuing 10 MW. Then she has undergone modernization, and an improved receiver that works now on the molten salts and the heat accumulating system has become much more efficient.

This led to the fact that the tower power plants with the heat accumulator marked the breakthrough in the technologies of solar concentr: electricity in such a power station can be carried out as needed, since the heat-accumulating system can store heat to 13 hours.

The technology of the molten salt makes it possible to maintain solar heat at a temperature of 550 degrees, and electricity can now be done at any time of the day and with any weather. The Tower Station "Solar Two" with a capacity of 10 MW, became the prototype of industrial power plants of this type. In the future - construction of industrial stations with facilities from 30 to 200 MW for large industrial enterprises.

Prospects are opened by colossal, but development is inhibited due to the need for large areas, and the considerable value of the construction of tower stations of industrial scales. For example, in order to place a 100 megawatt tower station, you need 200 hectares, while for a nuclear power plant that can produce 1000 megawatts of electricity, you need only 50 hectares. Parabolocylindrical stations (modular type) for small power, in turn, cost-effective tower.

Thus, tower and parabolocylindrical hubs are suitable for power plants with a capacity of 30 MW to 200 MW, which are connected to the network. Modular disc hubs are suitable for autonomous networks of networks that require only a few megawatt. Both tower and carbed systems of the road in production, however, give a very high efficiency.

As we see, parabolocylindrical hubs occupy an optimal position as the most promising of sun hub technologies in the coming years.

Interest in alternative energy is steadily growing. There are many reasons for this, and quite objective. The most powerful and stable source of environmentally friendly energy is the sun. Although at cost, utilized solar energy is still inferior to produced on an industrial scale, its converters to heat or electricity - solar panels - many are acquired or mastered with their own hands. House with electricity with electricity solar panels and heat generators - solar collectors - on the roof, they are not rare and in places with a sufficiently harsh climate, see fig. Especially since the dignity of the radiation of the Sun, as complete independence from the technogenic environment and natural cataclysms, replaced so far.

The picture for the illustration is not waged "Winter": modern models Solar collectors are able to give a heating system with a temperature of +85 degrees Celsius on a cloudy day with frost -20 outside. For the price, such helixes are sufficiently available, but require for the manufacture of a developed production base. If there is a task to provide a DHW in the country or in a country house in the warm season, when the autonomous heating is turned off, then make a suitable solar collector it is quite possible for this. And in the presence of skills homemade Masters The average level is the installation that and in the winter will help the heating boiler to save a considerable fuel product, and the owners are money for him. Other applications of homemade solar collectors are possible; At least - heated water in the pool. The prices of the proprietary samples of this species are clearly incused in comparison with their capabilities, and there is nothing, which could not be done.

With autonomous solar power supply, it's more difficult. Let's say right: common solar power plants, in all parameters that are superior to traditional CHP, HPP and NPP, does not exist today. And, while the generation of electricity from the Sun will not be transferred to space and its spectrum will not be used completely, it is unlikely possible. In Eurasia, extreme northern points, where the payback period for large heliumelectric power plants is at least a little less than their service life - the island of the Aegean Sea and Turkmenistan.

However, the individual purchased solar power plant may be advantageous and in medium-high latitudes under the condition of a thorough technical and economic calculation and choice of a suitable model; Not the latter role in this plays the stability of power supply in this area. And the concept of the solar battery can have a completely definite and positive economic meaning for the owner, if some compelling and free conditions of its manufacturers and operation are observed, in the following cases:

How to buy or make these yourself useful devicesSo that later do not regret in vain of thrown money? This article is devoted to this. With a small additive about sun hubs, or helioconcentrators. These devices collect the radiation of the Sun into a dense beam before passing it to the conversion. In some cases, it is impossible to achieve the required technical indicators of the installation.

In general, the material is organized in 5 sections with subsections:

1. Essential features of the use of solar energy.
2. Solar collectors (SC), purchased and self-made.
3. Solar hubs.
4. Solar panels (Sat), in the same order.
5. Proper installation and adjustment SC and Sat.
6. Conclusion.

Word to Kulibin

Amateurs make solar batteries from a variety of primary materials: semiconductor diodes, transistors, disassembled dops of selenium and dumplock rectifiers, independently oxidized on the electrocomputer of copper plates, etc. Maximum, which can be powered from them - receiver or player with current consumption up to 50-70 mA on average volume. More fundamentally impossible; Why - see section. about Sat

However, to buy fans of technical experiments would be completely stupid. Thomas Alva Edison once said: "Everyone knows that it is impossible to do it. There is an ignorant that does not know that. He does the invention. " In any case, the touch to the intricacies of high technologies and the depths of matter (and the Sat - a visible example of both) gives knowledge and the ability to apply them, i.e. Sophistication. And they are capital that never depreciates and the yield of which is higher than any securities.

Nevertheless, even the most common theoretical foundations of all the further material are as follows that the most "slightly on the fingers" is not poured into the articles in the book. Therefore, we will further limit ourselves to the samples for various occasions that can be made on their own at home, not quite forgetting what the school was taught (them, by the way, not enough); This is first. Secondly, they are limited to devices that actually give warm or current suitable for household and economic needs. Some author's allegations will then have to take on faith, or contact fundamental sources.

What can we expect?

Here is an example of a conversation on the phone with a trading manager of the company selling Sat: "And under what conditions does your battery develop the stated power?" - "With any!" - "And in Murmansk (for the polar circle) in winter too?" - Silence, hugging.

Now look at the top map. below. There - the zoning of the Russian Federation on insolation specifically for the needs of Helioenergy. Not for agrarians, plants for billions of years of the evolution of life have learned how to use sunlight is economical. Suppose we live in a place where the stream of energy of the Sun is 4 kW / h per quarter. m per day. In medium latitudes, from spring to autumn equinox and, taking into account the change in the height of the sun, during the day and season, the duration of the daylight will take something about 14 hours. More precisely, for a specific geographical point, you can calculate on online calculators, there are such.

Then the stream of energy of the Sun goes to the circle 4/14 \u003d 0.286 kW / sq. M or 286 W / square meters. m. When the efficiency of the electric gelination is 25% (and this is a good indicator), from the square, it will be possible to remove 71.5 W power, thermal or electrical. If the average long-term power consumption (see next) you need 2 kW (this is a typical case), then the panel of the converter is needed with an area of \u200b\u200b2000/71.5 \u003d 27.97 or 28 kV. m; This is 7x4 m. Efficiency of 25% - is it not understated? Yes, you can squeeze out of the panels. A significant part of the further material is devoted to how it is.

Note: for reference - solar constant, i.e. The density of the energy flow of the Sun in the entire emission spectrum from ultra-long radio waves to ultrasound gamma radiation, in space on earth orbit is 1365.7 W / sq. m. At the Equator at noon in the days of the equinox (the sun in Zenith) is about 1 kW / sq. m. Traders often do not know this, but you keep in mind.

Well, how then the promises of manufacturers? The panel, let's say 1x1.5 m, and the power of 1 kW is declared for it. It seems to be not against physics with astronomy, but it looks in medium latitudes under the fur coat, the atmosphere is clearly unreal. Correctly declare, do not lie. Only the power is measured on their test bench under special lamps. If you want to be honest to the end with me, let them come and shine them into my panel, and electricity takes anywhere anywhere.

The first card is needed to additionally decide on the price category or the choice of the design of the estimated installation. Sat and, especially, the SC, capable of working in cloudy weather, more complicated and more expensive than those that act only on the literal light. In the year 365x24 \u003d 8760 hours. Given that in high latitudes in the summer, the duration of the lighting day, the SC or Sat can be in Yakutsk or Anadyr to turn out to be paid back during the estimated period of operation, and in the Moscow region or Ryazan - no. Those. Also also in mind that Helioenergy as an advantageous help is possible not only in Sahara or Mojave desert.

Subtotal

From this section, it should be important for all further conclusion: looking after the panel for buying or repetition, interest primarily with an area effectively perceiving (or absorbing) surface light, and count everything else on it. Moreover, it may be that on marketing and consumer ideas the panel seems to be the worst in this particular case will be more profitable for "steep".

Collectors

Principle of operation

At the heart of the work of any SC lies the greenhouse effect. The essence of it is well known: take the camera open on one side with the surface absorbing light. Close it with a lid transparent for visible light (preferably ultraviolet, UV), but reflective thermal (infrared, IR) radiation. These conditions are largely satisfying silicate glass and plexiglas; Almost completely - quartz glass, etc. Mineral glass based on melted quartz.

Note: call Mineral Grooving UV Glass Actually Wrong, because Silicate glass is also mineral. It would be better to preserve the former name "Quartz glass", because Most of the mixture for smelting UV transparent glasses is crushed quartz. There are still tourmaline glass, but not for life - the crystals of precious stones are going to the smelter.

Sunlight, hitting the camera, will absorb it, and the camera is warm up. To avoid heat loss, we will supply it with thermal insulation. Then thermal energy It will turn into an IR, but through the cover it will not be able to exit and dissipate. Now IK does not remain anything else, how to heal the inside heat exchanger with a coolant or blowing air to the camera. If there are no, the temperature inside will increase until the temperature difference inside and outside will "sell" excess heat through thermal insulation and thermodynamic equilibrium will not be established.

What is ACT

To better figure out further, you need to know how the pyramidal, or needle, the model of absolutely black body (ART) works; As our others do not need, hereinafter, if it comes to the ACT model, the "pyramidally needle" is lowered everywhere. In RuNet, and in the internet, in general, it is not focusing about it, but in laboratory practice and technique such successfully apply. As it is arranged - clear from fig. on right. And in this case, the absorption of light in the SC will be the better than its coating or the configuration itself effectively absorbing surfaces (EPP) closer by properties to the ACT model.

Note: ACT is called the body absorbing electromagnetic radiation of any frequency. Woody soot, eg - Not ACT, when taking pictures through an IR filter, it looks light gray. The pyramid-needled ACT model is able to absorb any, not only electromagnetic, oscillations. So, in the acoustics, the inner surfaces of the sound cameras are covered with foam pyramids.

Purchased SC.

If you decide to buy a sunny collector, you will have to face a fork for 1 square meters. M absorbing area in 2000-80,000 rubles. And consider, only the final cost is exhibited, and the EPP Area is prescribed, then a small font. Also, choosing a model, it is necessary to ask if it is equipped with accumulative tank and elements of the strapping, see them more. Next. Let's try to figure out what is explained by such a difference and whether it is always justified.

Note: theoretically, the service life is unlimited. Practically, more or less decent models with proper operation is at least 15 years. Therefore, with a substantiated choice with payback, there are no problems, if only the climate allowed them to use them.

Types and destination

SC 3 types of constructive execution are mostly used, see fig. Left - Flat SC, in the center - vacuum, right - compact. All of them can be performed both by non-pressure, on the thermophone circulation, and pressure. The first is 1.5-5 times cheaper the pressure of the heads, because They are easier to ensure strength and tightness. Non-free SC warm the coolant relatively slowly, so they are designed more for DHW in the warm season. The impunity is simple and inexpensive; Sometimes combined with a panel in one constructive.

In the pressure heat carrier or pumps out circulating pump (What makes them with volatile), or tap water is supplied to the heat exchanger. This, of course, requires the design stronger and more reliable, plus a complex energy-dependent strapping and controller controller. It grows accordingly and the price. But only pressure SC are suitable for cold season, because Heat quickly. Most models are all-season; Sale in the Russian Federation, taking into account climatic conditions, most often designed for collaboration with boiler heating, i.e. are auxiliary devices.

Pressure SC are direct and indirect heating. In the first case, the SC is included directly in the contour of the CO (heating system). In the second - the first, perceiving solar energy, the circuit of the SC is filled with antifreeze, and the secondary coolant heats up in the 2nd contour heat exchanger.

The second, naturally, more expensive, because Can work in frost in any climate. The first are used primarily for heating in spring and autumn. Nevertheless, it is precisely the pressure SK direct heating (single-mounted) most likely will be beneficial for individual CO: in the offseason, at very low power, the efficiency of the boiler on solid fuel drops greatly. But just at this time, the thermal power of the UK on the house is enough, the same single-circuit is relatively inexpensive. It is only necessary to provide in with the corresponding shut-off-distribution fittings and in the autumn to the real colds of the SK disconnect and empty.

Flat

The scheme of the flat SC is shown in Fig. on right; The principle of operation fully corresponds to the above. Such work, as a rule, only in the warm season. The efficiency, depending on the constructive design, lies within 8-60% water is issued with a temperature of up to 45-50 degrees. Pressure is extremely rare, the complication of the structure makes them non-competitive with vacuum. Seals of the heat exchanger are designed for filling only with water, because In the summer there is no need for an antifreeze. At the price (underlining - for 1 square meters. M EPP; you need to recount every time according to the specification itself) influence mainly the following factors:

• Coating (transparent isolation) glass.
• The variety of glass itself.
• Construction and quality of the absorbing panel.

The glass coating plays a role above all the enlightening film in optical devices: reduces the refraction of light on the border of the media section and the light-proof reflection. In the correctly installed summer SC (see at the end, before conclusion), these losses are small or, in the southern edges, are not at all. In addition, the coating is abruptly by the wind dust and the warranty does not most often apply to it. Therefore, the coating is the first thing to be saved. If the difference in price due to the coating for similar models is noticeable - take the "naked", most likely not disappoint.

Actually glass is the most important element and navigate when choosing, first of all on it:

1. Mineral - misses UV that much enhances the greenhouse effect.
2. Textured (structured) - has a special microrelief on the surface, providing almost equal effectiveness on direct and scattered light, i.e. In clear and cloudy weather.
3. Mineral structured - combines both of these qualities and, in addition, practically does not give lateral reflection in a rather large range of incidence angles without enlightenment.
4. Silicate with additives is structured or not, does not miss UV, it does not matter reflecting IR and gives a significant lateral reflection without enlightenment. At the efficiency, more than 20% should not count with it.
5. Organic - with any improvements in 5-7 years, the maximum will like the maximum from dust, but its individual species are capable of providing maximum efficiency values.

Based on this, the choice should be made in favor of mineral structured glass. It allows you to do the smaller SC area and often ultimately win on the cost of the entire installation. At the cottage of the weekend, the water heating rate and the initial value of the collector are also important, so the SC with plexiglass will be more suitable. Installation, except cheapness, will be more compact and easier; On weekdays and for the winter it can be closed with a cover or at all to the house, so that wear resistance in this case factor is not defining.

Under good glass of the efficiency of the SK from the design of the absorbing panel (absorber) depends on a little. Not that - absorbing coating (horsesry) EPP. The properties of various coatings of solar absorbers are shown in Fig. on right. Pattern - as always, the more efficient, the more expensive. Here again it is necessary to calculate different models, leaving at a minimum of the cost of 1 square meters. m panels. And in general, with any calculations of the SC, it is necessary to remember how the reporting - the greatest savings is achieved by reducing the required panel area (panels). At the same time, sellers are checked: if, say, in the specification, selective painting is declared and promised by the efficiency of 75% - send them to the test stand under the lamp, there is hot, as in hell. It is clear because the efficiency of the entire installation cannot be higher than its parts.

About Baka

The cumulative tank for the SC is needed not only convenience for the sake of. The map above the average annual insolation values \u200b\u200bare given. For a summer installation, when calculating them can be raised by about 1.7 times, and for seasonal spring-summer-autumn - by 25%. But it will be only an average value, now for the season. Depending on the weather, the magnitude of the insolation can "jump" the day from a day by 1.5-3 times depending on the local climate. The heated water accumulated in the tank, provided that it is good heat insulation, will take over heat into a clear hot day and give it to the cloudy. As a result, the valid efficiency of the installation increases on a quarter-third. And ultimately, competently encompassing the local data, in the middle lane of the Russian Federation, it is often possible to reduce the required EPP area twice and more against a certain cape-calculation given above. Accordingly - and the cost of installation.

Described below vacuum SK without a tank-heat accumulator are inoperable. It is either included in the finished constructive, or included. But with the flat SC, the situation is directly opposite and reminds the state of affairs with photographic engineering during the "wet" film photography. Then, for example, for an excellent mirror "minol" with a zoom lens asked for $ 190. And the most crappy photo exhaustor cost somewhere $ 600. Those., I took one thing, without the other you can no longer cost, so - turn the pockets.

With reference to the flat SC, the prices for optional or recommended branded tanks look too ugly. Therefore, if you can make the tank, it is better to do it yourself, withstanding only the required volume prescribed in the specification. And do not believe the threats of merchants - the homemade tank can be done in no worst "firms". As - on this further, in the section about homemade.

Vacuum

Vacuum SK can heat the coolant to 80-85 degrees, and their efficiency reaches 74% and only the cheapest is below 50%. This is partly determined by the design of the absorbing panel from the rows of pipes; The intervals between them act like the ACT model, only by one coordinate. But the main role in ensuring high efficiency is played here that the heat exchanger is located in a vacuum flask or the system of such a flask. The case is not in thermal insulation (for emissions, the vacuum does not give it at all), but in the absence of air convection in the chamber. This allows you to distribute the temperature over the heat exchanger surface is optimal. In the gas-filled chamber convection streams align it.

In fig. The device of the 2 most common types of vacuum SC is shown. Left - 1-contour summer or seasonal. It is approximately so arranged above in Fig. With the types of SC, the Russian "Dacnitsa". These water are refilled, its outlet temperature is under 60 degrees. The role of a vacuum is particularly clear here: if air flows into the flask, its convection lines the temperature of the inner tube and there will be no "thermosifics" in it.

The shell of the flask is performed from glasses of different types, see above. Inner tube - Energy receiver (PE) and heat exchanger. A lot of disputes, up to mutual insults and stagnation on the forums, creates the question: what is better to smoke - the inner tube outside or the inner surface of the shell? From the point of view of the highest efficiency - PE. At the same time, IR losses are minimal, because The shell is performed by their well-reflective IR glass. This is how the instruments are arranged for measuring insolation - actine meters, only there instead of the pipes of the sphere.

Inexpensive non-full vacuum SC for places with small insolation and radiance Therefore, it is better to take with the HD PE, but in the southern regions with an average annual insolation of more than 4 kW * h / day with a guess of a year over 2000 hours / year, it can boil in the midst of summer, and this is almost Always means depressurization and full failure. Here it is more reliable there will be a system with a shell from the inside.

Also, with the hodgement of the shell from the inside, the SC pressure (insertion on the left in Fig.) In this case, the price of some IR leakage through the shell is achieved by a high concentration of the axis of the flask, which is necessary for a good and quick warm-up of a strong stream of water. Additionally, in the most effective 1-contour pressure SCs, it is still a central (feed) pipe, but it warms it preferably flowing around its upward flow.

Right in fig. - 2-contour SC with a heat pipe and a double flask made of glass of different varieties. These are supposedly with all year round coolant with a temperature of 90 degrees: the concentration of IR on the heat pipe ensures evaporation of the coolant of the 1st contour. Which, by the way, not at all water. Therefore, the 2-contour ski self-repair is not subject to. The effectiveness of money is worth, and in this case large. Therefore, digging in price list prices, pay attention to:

• Does the supplier of the calculation of the installation according to the measurement data on the spot.
• Is it included in the delivery package (see below).
• Do brand specialists carry out the connection to the installation to the existing CO.
• Whether the claimed parameters are guaranteed.
• How long is the warranty.
• Is it possible and how much is planned and extraordinary maintenance.

Connection and strapping

Year-round pressure SC to prevent freezing and rupture in winter are filled with antifreeze. The simplified diagram of their connection is shown on the left in Fig: the controller at the temperature ratio for the supply, return and in the tank "spins", as far as required, the circulation pump.

Pressure heating heliosystems are equipped with a rehabative tank with thermal insulation. In the Russian Federation, the system is mostly sold for connecting to the acting CO with the boiler. The water heater for the solar heating system should have the appropriate design, in the center in Fig. In addition to the additional coil to connect the boiler (in the tank at the top), the lower, powered from the SC, is divided into 2 parts; The top is about twice the lower and put on the cone, downstairs in the tank. The lower spiral excites the convective current of water, and the top exercises heat transfer into it.

Such a solution is necessary that the airflow temperature of the boiler does not fall below 45 degrees, otherwise the acid condesate can fall in it, the rapidly removing cauldron. When the sun does not shine and the SC bolet cannot help anything, a water plug is formed in the conical spiral, which does not allow a cold "pillow" to climb up to the cateevik of the boiler.

In addition to a special tank, when you turn on the SC in homework, it is necessary and a strapping for it, on the right in Fig. The former strapping of the boiler (in fig. It is not shown conditionally) is fully saved! The boiler "Feels" the work of SC only as weather warming! Actually, the procedure for connecting the solar system to from is easy: the supply and reverse reverse from the boiler and connect to the UK Baku. And the corresponding nozzles of the boiler are connected to the fittings of the top heat exchanger of the tank SC.

On modular SC.

The systems described above are one-piece constructs. But on sale there are modular SC, dialed from the panels to obtain the necessary parameters, for example, Russian "helioplast", see Fig. on right. Connecting panels in parallel or sequentially, you can get either a larger coolant stream or its large temperature. The cost of modular SK Multal, for example 1 panel "Helioplasta" costs about $ 300. However, switching pipelines by three-way valves, you can translate the entire system from the Spring-Autumn mode to the "Summer" and back. Or, for example, "shower / kitchen - swimming pool."

Note: modular SC, as more expensive, are designed for operation at any positive temperatures, or - from + (10-15), and in cloudy weather.

Compact

It remains to mention the compact SC. They are used, as a rule, to heal water in the pools so that the landscape does not spoil the landscape with large technogenic species. Prices regarding techparamers - non-delicious; Mercedes-Benz with his "Behind an asterisk", here, as they say, resting. The design is easy and quite repeatable with your own hands, see in the section on light concentrators.

Homemade SC.

For self-making, most flat Country Summer SC for DHW are available. Seasonally heating are so complex and time-consuming, which is easier and more profitable to buy a finished panel. But on the part of the homemade of the improvised materials, the craftsmen sometimes create samples, inferior to the best industrial except that in appearance, but bypass literally in a penny. Let's go in order.

Box, Glass, Warming

The housing of the homemade flat SC is best to do from wood, plywood, osp, etc. Durability and resistance to him will give a two-time impregnation of water-polymer emulsion before painting. The thickness of the bottom is desirable to take from 20 mm (better - from 40) so that the gaps are not formed from thermal deformations. On the sidewalls will go board (120-150) x20. Below the body is undesirable, because IR leak will be intensified through glass. Outside, painted as you like, and inside - as a substrate "Pie", see below. The dimensions in the plan are calculated on the basis of the insolation value and the required power.

Glass is better to take cheaper and easier, organic. A monolithic polycarbonate is well suitable: its light transmission is acceptable, 0.92, the price is low, and a relatively small refractive index will provide a small lateral reflection. Poor passing UV is partially compensated by low thermal conductivity. Under surface wear resistance, polycarbonate is one of the best organic glasses, for cheap self-causing it is enough.

Insulate the body of the foam; For summer SC, 20-30 mm is enough. Warm in 2 layers of equal thickness with aluminum foil pads, but about it below. In the sake of the insulation of the strength of the strength from the inside. If you read articles about building insulation, consider: when the temperature difference that the flat SC provides, and with enough high temperatures Outside, talking about the wandering points of the dew is not necessary.

The indispensable addition to insulation is the sealing of all joints and places of conducting pipelines with silicone. Through the slightest slit with the air current "will quickly" so much heat, which is a sense from the SC if there is only "for the view". First, the housing is sealing (before painting); After installing the heat exchanger - the tube, and the glass is placed on the "sausage" the sealant applied to the selected on the top of the row of a quarter. Additionally fix the frame, brackets, etc. from above.

Pie

"Pie" (see Fig. Right) In this case, the substrate well absorbing ik-radiation and quickly until IR quanta has time to "flush", which gives heat into the heat exchanger. The basis of "cake" is an aluminum plate. Copper is worse due to high heat capacity. Additional screens from foil most of the "fugitives" are returned back; Tree and foam for IR - materials are not quite opaque.

The second raisin "Cake" - Painting. Paint at the same time with the heat exchanger already installed on the clamps. It is necessary to paint the oil (slowly drying) black paint on the Pigment "Saya Gas"; It can be purchased in art stores. Paints based on synthetic pigments in IR rays will not be completely black.

After painting, you need to wait until the paint gets up to dry turns, i.e. After easy pressing, his fingerprint should remain with your finger, and the finger does not get dirty. Then the colorful coating penetrate into a foam tampon or a very soft end brush. The latter is better, but requires a certain skill, so as not to pierce the soft coating through. As a result, the film will turn out, pretty resembling the properties of the ACT model.

Note: very good option - old thin-walled stamped heating battery. Then you do not need to look for aluminum. It is necessary only to paint, as described above, and not to leave as it was, see fig.

Heat Exchanger

The easiest and fairly effective heat exchanger is a spiral of thin-walled propylene hose, see fig. on right. He alone already looks like the ACT model. Copper will be the same even better, but much more expensive. However, a flat spiral heat exchanger has an unpleasant property: in any position, except for strictly horizontal, over time, imbuming: when heated from the water, the air dissolved in it, and ascending arcs, where he can accumulate - even eliminate. However, a heat exchanger in the form of a flat spiral can be used in homemade SC for a basin with a compact hub, see below.

The best heat exchanger is a zigzag of a copper tube with a lumen with a diameter of 10-12 mm. Why? Because for the faster heating of water in the tank, the thermal power of the CC camera must be slightly more of the one that the heat exchanger with water is capable of adopting and at a given temperature difference; For homemade SC - 15-25 degrees. Otherwise, the water temperature at the output will first be too low, and she will have to make a lot of revolutions in the system until the tank is heated.

The second parameter that led to the choice of the tube is the water current resistance. With an increase in the lumen of the pipe from 5 to 10 mm, it drops quickly, and then - slower. The third factor is the minimum allowable radius of its bending, 5 diameters for a thin-walled tube without coating (for air conditioning split systems). Then the width of the zigzag loop is 100 mm, which is just optimally from the point of view of heat transfer. And you can use the usual manual pipe-bend.

Note: these relationships are fair for the described "cake" on an aluminum substrate. As for the stamped heating radiators, everything is calculated there before us. What is well gives warm and absorbs it well. This is one of the axis of thermodynamics.

Not knowing these circumstances, you can commit typical errorsSee fig. On the left - the thick pipe with wide loops will not immediately receive the heat generated by the box. Bad efficiency, slow heating. In the center, on the contrary, the power of the chamber for this heat exchanger is insufficient. The efficiency can be acceptable, but the tank will still be warm. In addition, a nightmare work on the assembly, identification and elimination of leaks ("All hermetic junctions flow" is one of the laws of Murphy). On the right - everything seems to be OK, including the heat exchanger coating (the radiator of the old refrigerator). But the lumen of the tube is 3-4 mm, this is not enough. "There is no secret to the water that did not push the water, except for nothing, and the increased resistance of the fluid current (water is not freon) guarantees low efficiency and slow heating.

Note: The efficiency of the SC described above with a neat performance exceeds 20%, which is comparable to industrial samples of this type.

Again Buck

It's time to do a tank-battery close: it will be a little without it. Let's start with the calculation of the volume - we need to take everything from the Sun, which allows the SC and save longer; This is especially important if the heating is involved from the panel. The little tank will soon warm up and then the SC will "join" without use, because He can't heal until infinity. In too much tank, water in the day will not have time to warm up to the temperature that the SC is capable of ensuring, and we again do not use completely thermal potential of this area. Why take - per day? Because we count on seasonal use with heating, and the heating may already be needed. In the summer, at the cottage - to wash, without waiting for the evening; Preferably - several people.

Let our places we do not quite frown, and 4 kW * h / day we get. Then, see above, Sunny for 1 square meters. m pours power 286 W. EPP dimensions Take 1x1.5 m (this is for an example, make a large - worse will not), i.e. EPP Square - 1.5 square meters. m; CPD SC will take 20%. We obtain: 286 W x 1.5 x 0.2 \u003d 85.6 watts, it is the thermal power of our panel. 1 W \u003d 1 j * s, i.e. Every second, the SC gives out 85.6 j. And for 12 light hours - 85.6 x 12 x 3600 \u003d 3 697 720 J or 3,697,72 kJ.

How much water can take it into yourself? Depends on the difference in temperatures. Take the original in 12 degrees (small-breeding water supply in spring / autumn or well); Finite - 45 degrees, i.e. Heating will be 33 degrees. Water heat capacity - 1 kcal / l or 4,1868 kj / l (1 feces - 4,1868 J). When heated by 33 degrees 1 l of water will take 4,1868 x 33 \u003d 138,1644 kJ. The container will need just more than 26 liters. In summer, with a high standing of the sun and a long lighting day - under 50 liters. Or, in the calculation of several clear days, the river and good thermal insulation of the tank - up to 200 liters. What, in general, the spontaneous: tanks, big than from the barrel, do not make lovers.

Wait, but people are so wash under the sunshine? Heating - the jester for now with him, it is clear that at least 4 panels are needed. And the heat loss would not hurt to take into account, at least 20% of the accumulated per night. True, on the technique to bypass the restrictions of the stubborn theory. By the way: "There is nothing more practical than a good theory" - this is all the same great practitioner Edison. Only technical calculations and calculations are far more cumbersome, so we just give the result - the circuits of tanks with power supply from the water supply and with manual filling, see fig.

The idea - so that one can be washed in the summer is 1.5-2 hours after turning on the SC. Those., Select the upper heated layer of water; In the case of manual filling - a fear of a flexible hose on a float. The length of the flexible link should be used moderate: when too short in full tank, the hose will rise with a stick, and too long with a low water layer on the wall of the tank.

The location of the nozzles is designed so that, with any use, hot and cold flows are mixed as little as possible, i.e. We are deliberately separating water by temperature. The best vessel for the tank - barrel laid on the side. Then the sludge (sucks) will take a small part of its tank. Warming - foam from 50 mm. And it is necessary to provide for another 1 drain pipe with a lock valve in the lowest point of the entire system, when entering the return to the SC. Do not forget yet - the selected pipe of the repetition must be raised above the bottom, otherwise the sludge will immediately cling to the SC, and it is difficult to clean it. Pipes are ordinary plumbing, from 1/2 to 3/4 inches. Flexible link - reinforced PVC hose for watering; His float - foam.

Note: the elevation of the flow of the return on the bottom is taken on the usual rigidity of drinking water in the Russian Federation to 12 of it. Degree. According to sanitary standards, its limit value is 29 of him. Degree. Then the elevation of the returns must be taken 80-100 mm, and the feed pipe is hot to lift over it for the same 20-30 mm.

About Air Solar SC

Sometimes it is necessary to warm from the sun not water, but the air. Not necessarily for heating; Suppose, for drying a crop or collection. Due to the low heat capacity of the air, the design of the aircraft should have a number of features. More about them, and at the same time on the use of SC for air heating (for seasonal cottages it is very relevant), you can learn from the roller:

Video: homemade air-sun heating

Unusual homemade

The master of the amateur would not be, if it were not sought to do everything in his own way of a girlish trash. And, I must say, the results are amazing. All original homemade ICs are clear in one publication, we will take 3 for examples, so to speak, of different signs.

In fig. - Air, i.e. Simply water, SC from beer cans. We will not giggle in a fist or resent: "Yes, I do not drink so much!" Let's see technically. The idea itself is very even healthy: the failures between the rows of cans approach the ability of the panel to absorb the light to the ACT model. But! Materials - aluminum, wood, silicone sealant. Their coefficients of temperature expansion (TCR) are significantly different. The joints are more than 200. The elemental calculation, taking into account the law of large numbers, shows that if by the end of the first season of operation the panel will not flow strongly, this is a miracle.

But the solar collector from plastic bottles in fig. Below it looks not so elegant, but is quite efficient. In essence, this is a chain of linear lights centers, see below. Capacities are collected in "sausages", as when building greenhouses, greenhouses, arbors, etc. Light buildings from bottles, but not on the hard rod, but on transparent PVC hose. The back side of the "sausages" is covered with aluminum foil, at least a sleeve for baking. In this case, the fact that the water itself is well absorbed by IR. The efficiency of the installation is small, but the cost - judge for yourself. And for the sun, the tax is not yet taken.

Another interesting homemade from bottles is the Uzbek "ILDAR", see fig. below. Principle of action is the same; In our areas, it is extremely desirable to foil the lower surface of the bottle. When installing on the southern rope, the roofs are not required, supports, the bulkhead of the roof and amplification of the rigleel (carrier frame) of the roof. There are a lot of junctions, but the materials are suitable for TKR, so that the reliability is sufficient. The strongest will be a joint on the pos. B when bottles are spoiled on each other. Repeat "Ildar" a little, and in vain. Apparently, it is confused by the fact that the current of water is shown inverse thermophone. But the thermosifonic pressure is much weaker than gravitational from the tank, so that the "ilcar" is fully operational.

Solar collector from Bottles "Ildar"

Note: in Bottle SC Length 1 "sausages" you need to take about 3 m in medium latitudes, and to connect such more in parallel, how many bottles there are or how much place allows.

Concentrators of light

The Blue Concentrator is a system of mirrors or lenses, collecting light from the illuminated area and redirecting it to a certain place. Bluecommerters do not make the entire helix compactly, as sometimes writes. Plus, more precisely - minus, in the fact that the coefficient of light transmission of the collecting system rarely reaches 0.8; Most often - 0.6-0.7, and for homemade - about 0.5. The solar hub, or the helioconstructor, allows you to solve the following tasks:

1. Simplify the design of the radiation receiver, make the most complex part of the heliosystems are more compact and reduce the amount of joint sealing in it.
2. Increase the illumination of the radiation receiver and thereby enhance the light absorption.
3. Increase the temperature of the coolant, which makes it possible to fully use the accumulated energy.
4. Simplify the orientation procedure of the radiation receiver in the sun; In some cases, a single alignment of the meridian and the corner of the place is possible.

PP. 1 and 3 allow in industrial installations to achieve greater common efficiency of the system. At home, such installations are difficult, because A system of continuous accurate orientation in the sun is required. But PP. 2 and 4 can help homemade craftsman.

Note: any gelioconstructor collects only straight rays. If you count on the use of your installation and in cloudy weather, you can not engage in light concentrators.

The main schemes of solar concentrators are shown in Fig; There is 1 - collecting system, 2 - a light reproduction. There are still compact hubs, one of them will take place below. And so far the circuit B) and e) require continuous tracking of the Sun; Scheme B), moreover, the manufacture of a parabolic mirror. You can accommodate a satellite plate, but the prices for them must be considered, you know. And it is necessary to make electronics controlling the precision 2-coordinate electromechanical drive. A diagram with Fresnel lens d) is sometimes used to increase the efficiency of small-sized solar panels, but at the same time they degrade much faster, see below.

We will deal with linear concentrators, PP. a) and b), as most suitable for homemade helix. The diagram in the form of a semi-cylindrical mirror A) is generally considered earlier, together with bottles. You can only add that it is possible to orient it (see below) both by meridian and perpendicular to him depending on how to direct the water current in the pipe receiver. This hub accelerates water heating, but with orientation in meridian significantly reduces the duration of the daylight for the receiver, because At the angles of falling the side of more than 45 degrees from normal, the light does not catch at all. The redistribution in it is always one-time. The light coefficient in the aluminum foil system + Pat 0.35 mm is about 0.7.

The hub from mirrors of oblique fall b) captures the light within the angles of the fall from normal in 60 degrees and more. Can be performed linear and point. The visible reduction in the daytime in the summer in the southern edges with it is almost imperceptible. However, in the morning and in the evening, the efficiency of the installation is highly falling, because The light then tests up to 4-5 reinforcements. For reference: the reflection coefficient of optically polished aluminum - 0.86; galvanized steel - about 0.6.

Nevertheless, for those who want to make such a creek profile, see Fig. The grid step is selected based on real sizes Installations. Note that the adjustment is needed alone, but accurate: June 22 or the days nearest to him in astronomical (not balancing!) Noon wings are reduced / diluted and prevail so that caustic (bright strip of concentrated light) lay down exactly along the tube-receiver . Its diameter is about 100 mm, the material is a thin stressed metal.

A greater interest for the self-delicate will present, most likely, 1 of the types of compact non-oriented hubs, see the next. Fig. It is generally not necessary to visit the sun: established horizontally, it collects its rays within the angles of the fall to 75 degrees from the normal, which in this case is directed to Zenith. Those. We take the SK from the hose described above from the hose, in a spiral, we supply this concentrator, and we obtain the water heater for the pool.

To reduce the rays of the sun to the point, the concentrator belt is needed a parabolic profile (cutting down on the left in Fig.), But we have a long-standing receiver, so you can do conical. What are the sizes and ratios, it is necessary to withstand, clear from fig. The extreme belt (designated red) device efficiency almost does not increase, without it it is better to do. Svetopropsy - about 0.6, so the sense of this hub will be only on a clear summer day. But it is just then needed.

Battery.

Now we will deal with solar panels (Sat). To begin with - a little theory, without it, it is not understood that and when they are good and bad. And how to choose the right SAT for buying or make yourself.

Principle of operation

The basis of the Security Council is an elementary semiconductor photovoltaic converter (FEP), see Fig. on right; If someone coals there "Nekotushka" with school electrostatics, consider: charges get energy from an outside source - the sun. The ability of semiconductors to pass the electric current is described by the zone theory of conductivity created in the 30s of the last century with works in the main Soviet physicists. The thing is very complicated, its understanding requires knowledge of quantum mechanics and a number of other disciplines. It is very simplistic (may the physicist technologist forgive, if read) the principle of action of the FEP looks like this:

1. In high purity silicon crystal, each in its area, donor and acceptor impurities from metals are introduced, which can be integrated into a crystal silicon lattice without disturbing it; This is t. Naz. Doping. N-region (cathode) donor donors; P-region (anode) - acceptors.
2. Donors create excess electrons in their region; Acceptors in their own - equal in the magnitude of positive charges - holes, this is a completely correct physical term. Electrons and holes from alloying additives are T. Naz. Nezernaya charge carriers. The holes are not antiparticle positrons, it's just places where the electron is missing. The holes can wander (drifting) within the crystal, because Acceptors all the time intercept each other electrons.
3. Electrons with holes are attracted to each other, trying to mutually neutralize (recombine).
4. In the crystal (here it is all right and played by his quantum properties), they cannot freely connect over the final period of time, therefore large volumetric charges of the corresponding sign are formed in the border layer; In general, the border layer is electrically neutral.
5. Solar energy seems to throw electrons from the boundary layer into the cathode and on the negative electrode-current collector.
6. No holes for electrons may not follow, because Drift are capable only within the crystal.
7. Electrons nothing remains, how to go through the electrical circuit and give the energy from the sun to the consumer, this is an electric photoc.
8. Once in the anode region, the electrons receive another "kick" from the quanta of sunlight, which does not allow them to be recombined with holes and starts into the chain again and again until the crystal is lit.

Still word to Kulibin

For homemade satisfies, radio amateurs and electronics are most often taken. As a rule, in the basics of the theory of semiconductors, they disassemble. For them, just in case, explain what the FEP differs from a diode similar to it, and why squeeze a significant photocurrent from crystals of diodes / transistors will not work:

• The degree of doping of the anode and the PEP cathode to orders, and even for many orders of magnitude higher than that of active electronic components.
• The cathode and anode are allocated to the same extent, how much the planar-epitaxial technology allows.
• The border area is wide (called its P-N transition in this case can be only with a large stretch) so that there are more "workspace" for light quanta, and the bulk charge in it is very large. In the production, the component of electronic circuits tend to reverse to increase the speed.

The features of the FEP structure proceed from the fact that it is not a electricity receiver in the form of an applied voltage, and its generator. From here there are conclusions, important for any users:

1. Because The light quanta in the crystal is always larger than free electrons there, extra quanta spend their energy to the excitement of the atoms of the crystal, which is why it will deteriorate with time, it is a so-called. Degradation or aging FEP. Simply put, Sat is wear out, like any technique, and over time it sits down, like any electrical battery.
2. The passage of electric current when connecting the FEP to the circuit of the consumer accelerates degradation, because Forcibly drifting in the crystal electrons, so to speak, beat in atoms and gradually knock them from their places.
3. Energy supply in FEP is determined by the size of the volume charge, the sunlight only initiates its redistribution.
4. FEP and satisfied with the SAT are afraid of contaminants: gradually penetrating (diffing) into the crystal, they violate its structure. The "poisonous" impurities are in the air, and the "deadly" for the photo effect of their dose is negligible.

P. 3 requires additional explanation. It is: Sat who cannot give extractuate. For example, the starter rechargeable battery (AKB) with a capacity of 90 A / h briefly gives the current in 600 Å theoretically - a lot more, until it explodes from overheating. But, if the Specifications on the Sat written "Current KZ (short circuit) 6a", then more of it and not squeeze any ways.

Note, just in case: it is impossible to allocate silicon to infinity, it will turn it simply into the dirty metal ("high" degree of doping is expressed by a decimal fraction with many zeros after the comma). And in the metals of the inner photo effect does not happen. The Hall effect can hardly be addressed, but the photoeffect is fundamentally impossible: the conductivity zone of metals fills the degenerate electron gas, it simply does not allow the quantum inside, because of the metals and shine. Yes, the zone in this case is not the area of \u200b\u200bspace, but a combination of particle states described by the system of quantum equations.

Device

One FEP without load creates the difference in potentials of 0.5 V. It is determined by the quantum properties of silicon and does not depend on any external conditions. Under the load voltage FEP falls, because Its internal resistance is great. Quantum mechanics of the Ohm Law does not cancel. Therefore, the battery voltage is taken with a half-row reserve: if, for example, 12 in the SB is recruited from modules by 0.5 V, then they are taken to 36 on the pillar, which will give the voltage of the XX (idle) in 18 V. on one-time voltage overload Nutrition is calculated by all DC consumers. Current of KZ one FEP - from several to hundreds of ma; It depends on the area of \u200b\u200bthe exposed (illuminated) surface of the element.

Modules (elements) from many FEPs, connected on a common substrate, are received on sale and on the assembly, connected on a common substrate, in parallel or so, and so Their voltage of the XX and the CW COP are indicated in the specification on the product. With this, a common misconception is associated with this, that, they say, Sat must be recruited only from elements by 0.5 V, and others are non-thendition. On the contrary, modules from a conscientious manufacturer on, say, 6V 4W, i.e. 6 V and 0.67 A, will be more reliable than self-assembly with the same parameters. If only because here the FEP is grown on one plate and their parameters exactly coincide.

In the SB Solar Battery Scheme (see Fig.) The PE modules are connected to the E pillars providing the desired voltage; As a rule, 12, 24 or 48 V. Poles to obtain the desired operating current are connected in parallel. Because The modules in the columns are not necessarily made from the same crystal, the internal pillars resistances differ slightly, "floats" and the voltage under load. Through the pillars, it is more powerful (with a smaller inner resistance) to flow the reverse current, and the degradation of the FEP is rapidly. The radio amateurs can be remembered that if the diode is at least a slightly open "from the side", it begins to skip and reverse current, the work of a thyristor is based on this. Therefore, the pillars are blocked from the "returns" of VD diodes. Most often use Schottky diodes, because The voltage drop on them is small and additional cooling on large currents it is not required. But sometimes (see Next, about Sat-Self-Line) may also be needed with a diode with a P-N transition.

When you turn on / off, powerful consumers are inevitably arise. Transition processes accompanied by extracts. Just a few ms, but the tender sense is enough to quickly sit down. Therefore, a buffer Akb GB is required to power the powerful devices. Manages the distribution of currents to Sat controller C; This is a managed current source regulating and limiting the working current Sat together with the charge current of the battery. In the simplest case, the discharge of the battery is free according to the level of consumption. Inverter I converts a constant current from the battery to a variable 220 V 50 Hz or another, which required.

Note: the cutting on the right in the diagram (C, I, GB) can serve several or many SB. Then we get a solar power plant (SES).

Very important circumstances following the foregoing: the first, the battery must be included in the scheme constantly. Build Sat according to the "deaf" UPS scheme in which the battery gives a current only when the network is disappeared, it means to interfere with the Sat on rapid degradation due to extractuum. The resource of the battery in the "running" scheme is significantly reduced, but here you can not do anything, except to use expensive battery with gel electrolyte. So do not and once again do not need to design Sat with computer UPS. Second - working current You need to take about 80% of the current CW. If, for example, according to the calculation, the current of the primary chain 12 V is 100 A, then the Sat must be designed by 120 A.

The third - in this scheme, with a deep discharge, the battery is possible a reversible system failure, when everything is fine, and there is no current. Therefore, in the real SES, the strapping is complemented by the alarm of the projector of the battery (beeps even more disgraceing than the UPS without a network) and automation that turns off the inverter if the owners ignored the signal. In the most expensive SES, the inverter has several outputs, the wiring of 220 V is a few branches, and the automation turns off the consumers in the order inverse their priority; refrigerator, eg, last.

Sat without strapping is customary called the solar panel. Its design (see Fig.) Provides first of all a decrease in light degradation, then efficient use of light and mechanical strength. The first gives mainly a special glass that cuts the quanta, which will probably not give current; The sensitivity of the FEP to the rays of different ranges of the spectrum is significantly uneven. Some light filtering also gives the EVA film, but it is more intended to increase efficiency: reduces light effect and lateral reflection, i.e. Enlighten the coating. Glass, EVA and elements under it "blinded" into a single pie without air gaps, so that such a design is not for lovers. PET lining, first, mechanical damper (crystalline silicon is fragile, and the plates are thin). Secondly, it isolates the modules from the panel housing electrically, but provides heat transfer heating in the elements, because Pat better than other plastics conducts heat. About diodes has already been said. All the cake is placed in a durable metal case (it also serves as a heat sink) and is carefully sealed.

Note: flexible Sat, see fig. on right. They can be cheaper and more efficient than hard panels of the same power, but remember - these Sat are not designed to convert the current current. Flexible Sat is used mainly to power the direct current consumers of low power in various kinds of mobile or remotely maintenance-free objects.

Purchased Sat.

To prepare for the purchase or manufacture of Sat or SES, you need to assimilate the concepts of the picclator, peak and long-term power consumption. In everyday life it is easier than in complex energy systems. Suppose you have on the shield with a meter the protection vehicles or traffic jams on 25 A. Then from the network you can take up to 220x25 \u003d 5500 W or 5.5 kW. This is your peak consumption, but if you count the power grid on the peak, it will be unreasonably expensive: powerful consumers do not turn on for a long time and all at once.

Electricians when calculating the power grid take pic factor \u003d 5; Accordingly, the long-term power consumption will be 0.2 from peak. In our case - 1.1 kW. However, if you calculate the SES on such a peak, the battery capacity will be too large, the battery itself is expensive, and its resource is much less normal. To minimize the cost of the SES, its picclator should be twice as smaller than 2.5. In the Sens Sat "pull" a long-term load, and the peaks take on the battery, i.e. In this case, we need a Sat for 2.2 kW and Akb, capable of giveing \u200b\u200b5.5 kW for an hour or 1.1 kW for 12 hours (dark time).

Economy

The cost of SAT on the market holds within 50-55 rubles. For 1 W Power Power Batteries (see below) and 80-85 rubles / w for monocremia. But then additional circumstances interfere:

• The efficiency of monocremary Sat is more than twice as high than polycremium (22-38% against 9-18%) and they are more durable.
• The power of polycremium Sat on cloudy weather falls less, and after the expiration of the service life, they completely degrade slower.
• The energy utilization coefficient (Energy efficiency) of the buffer acid battery is 74%, and other types of their types, except for terribly expensive lithium, for the buffering Sat felt bad.

Given these factors and climatic conditions of the Russian Federation, the price of 1 W is aligned and turns out to be about 130-140 rubles / W. Sat per 1.1 kW, thus, will cost somewhere in 140-150 thousand rubles. Will it be enough for a long time? The timing of the SB service is not regulated; Manufacturers are usually 5, 10, 15 and 25 years. That according to the output control, 5 years will not stretch, it goes to sell alone for self-assembly. Consider homemade!

The price of the finished Sat, of course, is growing according to the service life. According to the study of branded declarations and calculations, the most payback is provided by SB for 15 years. Here there is a cunning subtlety: Sat Assistant Conditions Grade A, Grade B, Grade C and Ungrade (Nonland). Accordingly, the power of the Security Council by the end of the service life drops by up to 5%, 5-30% and more than 30%. However, if you buy a Sat Grade A for 5 years, then it is necessary to expect that it will then last by 30%, it is impossible. Due to the increase in the load on the remaining FEP in the element, the degradation process develops avalanche-like: Poly- one another six months, and mono-2-4 months.

So, we consider further. With the correct choice of primary constant voltage (see below) for 15 years, it will take 1 bank replacement worth about 70 thousand rubles. Plus, the strapping, wires, tires, switching elements, metal structures or roof work, are approximately 150 thousand rubles. About 30 thousand accumulator will cost; It is categorically impossible to put the battery in the residential premises. We have:

1. Sat - 150,000 rubles.
2. AKB - 140,000 rubles.
3. Binding - 150 000 rubles.
4. Rechargeable - 30,000 rubles.

TOTAL 470 000 RUB. The main power SES will cost about 1.2-1.5 million rubles. But how justified or another?

In 15 years 15x24x365 \u003d 131,400 hours. For this time, we will rent 131 400x1.1 \u003d 144 540 kW / h. 1 kW / h from its SES will cost 470,000/144 540 \u003d 3.25 rubles. Existing rates (from 3.15 to more than 6 rubles) you know. The benefit does not seem to be not very, given that these "half-lemon" must be taken somewhere else, without falling into debts on the current credit rates. Nevertheless, to build a SES is already justified in such cases:

• In remote hard-to-reach places with unstable power supply. Life is more expensive than any tariffs. At least greenhouse plants and domestic animals that give food and income.
• In commodity farms requiring continuous energy supply, the same greenhouses or, permiss, in household students. It is possible to be built on cheap land without infrastructure, and the cost of the SES may immediately be less than the cost of gasket fider supply.
• In large households systematically crossed the basic consumption limit.
• In collective use. Example: SES per 15 kW of peak (3 middle houses) will cost somewhere in 1.5 million rubles. self-employment or 2.5 million rubles. Full construction. "Rading" with neighbors / relatives, we get the same 500,000 rubles. And 5 kW per home, but stable and without any interchange with power companies.

Who to take?

However, run "batteries" early. In the SAT market, the situation is very complicated: high and disordered, on the verge of hype, the demand all over the world generates hard and often unfair competition. The world leader in this segment is PRC, and thanks to the "Chinese" prices (they are not at all dumping), but by valid quality. But China - the country is very ambiguous; Shanghai-Wuhan offshore basements, masking under reliable state-owned enterprises, there is enough. On the other hand, the western "whales" of the industry in a panic under the threat of bankruptcy are stripped into all serious, if only the product is to focus, without sparing their good name.

In Russia, in terms of the manufacturer's choice, there is a good outlet. Electronics and semiconductor industry of the USSR and the Russian Federation for the scientific and technical level have always been at the height; The first CPU Intel, by the way, was made from Soviet silicon, the silicone valley then unfolded. But on the shaft, Soviet-Russian electronics noticeable in the world has never been; Worked mainly "on war". In the restructuring on sale, the products were better than the world, but it was too late to compete with the "sharks". For example - see fig. It has been working carelessly, the calculations to the article on it were made. And its more expensive and smaller capabilities of the peers of Casio and Texas Instruments, the keys of the keys and Sat sat down for a long time.

Now in the Russian Federation there are several enterprises with clean premises, trained personnel, engineering personnel and experience in this field. We will keep on the way thanks to the right market tactics: they purchase the components of the SB from the proven Chinese suppliers, pass through their own input control and are collected in the panel for all the rules of technology. The declared parameters of their products can be considered unconditionally. Unfortunately, such after the past perturbations remained a bit:

1. Telecom-SPT in Zelenograd, TCM brand.
2. RZMKP, Ryazan, TM RZMP.
3. NPP "Kvant", Moscow, folding portable Sat.

Recently, the microarter (TM "Inverter") is moving on the Sat market well, and it seems not for nothing. But the falsers in this segment was and it was, so that the "inverter" needs to be closed. There is another circumstance: Eva film. It should be a frost resistant, otherwise at minus temperatures, it grures, gradually peeling and Sat fails. Therefore, when choosing you need to see the operating temperature range and the permissible exposure time is minimal. Or, ultimately - the warranty period in these climatic conditions.

What to take?

The fact that the statements like "mono - cool, poly - sucks" are rather emotional than justified, you probably already clear. The difference between them, by the way, is not so principled. Silicon Dawns of Higher Condition, the most uniformly recrystallized, go to large chips. 1 Condition - on the average degree of integration, 2nd - to discrete components, and only the 3rd - on Sat. "Mono" differ from the "poly" in that in the first slice of one crystal in the blank (crystallite) several FEP are grown or 1 large; In polycramine programs, small FEPs occupy each of the 1st 1st crystallite alone.

However, manufacturers and fuel traders are trying to issue unsuitable poly- mono-, replacing the designation similar in meaning, but with the letter "M" at the beginning: multicrystalline, microstructural, etc. Therefore, we remind: the polycrystalline modules of the Sat Blue, most often with a noticeable urization (flower overflows), on the left in Fig. Monocrystalline very dark, to completely black; Irization if there is, then not enough, right there. In general, it is impossible to determine the quality of the module on the eye or electrical dimensions, the laboratory chemical, crystallographic and microstructure analysis is needed. Than traders farewells in might and use.

On primary tension

Most often, it is recommended to take Sat on 12 V. Mol, you can include 12-volt housekeeping light bulbs and do not need a special controller. First, DC equipment on 24, 36 and 48 in no "special" at all, these are the standard values \u200b\u200bof a series of stresses. Secondly, the proportion of housekeeping in power consumption - nothing, and a separate wiring is needed for them. But the main thing is not in this.

Above estimated - for the middle house, a buffer battery is needed by 5.5 kW of peak. There will be 5500/12 \u003d 458, (3) or approximately 460 A. on a wide sale on a wide sale. There are banks for AKB with a capacity of up to 210-240 a / h, of which starter batteries are gaining heavy special equipment. Not speaking of the cost, without the batteries of the battery, it is not necessary to work in the parallel of the battery, not more of the Sat elements and for the same reasons; This is the overall property of all DC sources. As a result - AKB for 100-120 thousand rubles. It will last from the strength of 5-6 years, and in 15 years will need 2-3 replacements.

And now we will take the "primary" DC in 48 V. it would be better than 60-72, permanent current up to 100 in safely, only the Sat of such do not do. In the sense of the impact on the human body of 50/60 Hz - the most dangerous frequencies, only to go nowhere, their values \u200b\u200bhave developed historically. Then we obtain 5500/48 \u003d 114.58 (6) A at a time round of 5500/48 \u003d 114.58 (6) A and the capacity of AKB 120 A / h. This is an ordinary car battery, plus you can use durable sealed AGM, GEL, OPZS, if the money is not sorry for them. And the worst of all (autostar) will serve at least 8 years, and even all 15. And it will be doubled the cheaper.

There is another nuance. Take a look at fig. - SES scheme with a primary 48 V. on the right at the bottom - the main machine on 175 A. for 12 V will be needed by 700 A. Did you see such on sale? Direct current? How much are? Plus, other strong-flow switching, automation, wires and tires. In general, if you drop commercial cheating, then the primary chain of 48 B reduces the cost of SES twice and more.

Note: And you want to connect you to the SES to the street input! You have to pay unuse in the counter for your expenses and works. You need to put a packet after the counter (this is already subscriber wiring and here you are a complete owner, just forget about TB) and you do not forget to switch back from the Sun to the general network, suddenly need. Let's say when replacing AKB or long bad weather.

Sat and Selfieckers

The first thing you need to know the helioenergy-lover is to sell the rotation of the modules are discarded, which 5 will definitely not serve. Even if you organize clean production at home, they are already "poisoned" by the poison of slow action - harmful impurities. In addition, to make a corporate "pie", a chamber is needed with a deep vacuum, so collecting Sat will have to be in the ventilated box, and therefore elements fall under atmospheric influences. Without removal of ohmic heat, the Sat modules degrade literally in their eyes. So for service life for more than 2-3 years it is better not to count on.

However, homemade can be useful, because 100 watts of their power will cost less than 3000 rubles. What exactly - see just below, but still detain for the assembly technology. It is quite fully shown here:

Video: Production of the solar battery do it yourself

You can add a little. The first, do not take a clear marriage sent by bulk, on the left in Fig. It is better to buy a constructor, see fig. on right. They are completed with flux pencils and special guides, which is much reduced to a wrench.

To solder the ordinary soldering iron with a rosphole flux (right in fig. On the left) is also no need. Silver module contact pads (silicon does not roll), a silver layer is thin and barely barely. At home, it will probably withstand only a 1-fold soldering (at the production of machine guns - 3-fold), with a soldering iron with a bronze nickel-plated sting. Do not try to post it, such a soldering iron soldered dry.

However, the craftsmen of the SB soldered and ordinary soldering iron with all sorts of precautions; How - can I see here:

Video: Luzhny and soldering contacts

The third time - before assembling the modules you need to calibrate and collect columns from plates with about the same parameters (see Video below). To dial from non-the modules to 48-volt poles almost never succeed, so home-made Sat is made by 12-volt or 6-volt.

Video: Calibration of elements

Now about cases when making the solar battery itself has a complete meaning. The first - the boat described above is "rubber band". The scheme of its power installation is in fig. below. The same is also suitable for cottages, only instead of a motor, you need to enable the inverter 12VDC / 220VAC 50 Hz for 200-300 W. For a TV, a small refrigerator and a music center, this is enough. Switch S2 Worker, S1 - repair and emergency and for winter storage.

The thing here is that the voltage drop on the usual diode with increasing current increases through it. Non-definite, but in combination with a restrictive resistor RP (the other is designed for lead-acid battery 12V 60A / H!) Overloading Sat for current lasts even with a completely "empty" battery no more than 2-3 minutes. If such a situation occurs once a day, the Sat will serve from 4 years, i.e. More than a self-assembly of non-thendition. A gasoline engine during this time would have eaten fuel in the amount, a lot of greater installation costs.

The second case is charging for a mobile phone. It is better to buy a ready-made module for 6V 5W; Scheme to it - in fig:

Switch S1 and bright white D3 LED - test. If you want to tinker with solar modules, we offer clips (see below). In this case, the Sat will go and obvious marriage cannical, the price is speaking. By the way, this is a good practice of working with sunny elements before being taken for a large Sat, and the useful device will be.

Video: Mini Solar Battery for Charging Phone - Assembly and Testing

Installation and adjustment

Installation of solar panels and fixed design collectors is most often on the roof. There are 2 solutions: either to disassemble a part of the roof and turn on the CC / SAT enclosure into the roof rigel power scheme (its frame without roofing cake), and then seal the gap, or install the panel on the stands made of metal pins passing through the roof. And the rafters, which came fasteners, strengthen the cross.

The first way, of course, is harder and requires rather complex construction work. However, it is decided not only the problem of wind-resistant panel. A very small heating of the body of the attic is much reduces the likelihood of delamination of EVA film and increases the reliability of the entire installation. Therefore, in places with strong frost / winds, it is certainly preferable.

As for mobile (mobile) or separately standing ground panels, they are mounted on a bulk frame or a stand (support) of metal, wood, etc. If the panel is on the framework, it is necessary to shelter something that the wind who faded the wind did not make the panel Demonstrate its aerodynamic qualities, quite good.

Focus on the maximum annual (medium-sized) insolation (justice), fixed panels need more accurately. The chicken in the grain pecks, and a penny ruble coats - in this case, these sayings are fully affected by reference to the payback period. Azimuth exhibit exactly the meridian. If you use a compass for this, you need to take into account the magnetic decline of the place; In GPS or GLONASS devices - include an appropriate amendment. It is possible to beat off the midday line (this is a meridian), as described in school textbooks on nature, geography, astronomy, or, let's say, in the manuals on the construction of sun hours.

The slope of the panel at the corner of the site α depending on its geographical latitude φ is calculated for different cases, adjusted to the slope of the ground axis β \u003d 23.26 degrees, as a result of which the standing height in medium latitudes changes by season of the year:

• For summer settings α \u003d φ-β; If α \u003d<0, панель укладывается горизонтально.
• For seasonal spring-summer-autumn α \u003d φ
• For year-round α \u003d φ + β

If in the latter case will be released α\u003e 90 degrees - you are for the polar circle, and you do not need the winter panel. Further, for simplicity and accuracy, the angle α calculates the value of the rise of the northern edge of the panel in units of length as H \u003d Lsinα, where L is the length of the panel from the south to the north. Let's say a panel of 2 m long installed along the meridian. α came out of 30 degrees. Then the northern edge (SIN 30 degrees \u003d 0.5) should be lifted by 1 m. With sinα \u003d 1 or so the panel is installed vertically.

Finally

Russia, which is not said, can not be called a country, ideal for the development of solar energy. But it's not enough to take that it lies badly. But come to the goal, contrary to everything and when everything against you is a great success for a long time, unless the target is decent and useful. There are many examples in history: Holland, Chile (indiscretion of fruitless lands), Japan - an industrial giant, almost completely devoid of sources of raw materials, in the world as in general - the development of the SV-Radio waves by radio amateurs (experts inspected then theories were not suitable for themselves), but In Russia, at least the construction of the Trans-Siberian Highway, there is still no analogues to himself. There are homemade homemade where the "Russian Sunny Miracle" happens, for sure there will be a considerable merit in it.

Publisko 08/09/2013

Alternative energy is interested in an increasing number of great minds. I'm not an exception. 🙂

It all started with a simple question: "Is it possible to turn into the generator?"
-Can. What for?
- Do the wind generator.

Windmill to generate electricity - not quite a convenient solution. Variable strength of wind, chargers, batteries, inverters, a lot of no penny equipment. In the simplified windmill scheme, the "excellent" copes with water heating. For the load is ten, and it is absolutely not demanding to the parameters of the electricity supplied on it. You can get rid of the complex dear electronics. But the calculations showed significant costs for the design to promote the 500 watt generator.
The power carrying the wind is calculated by the formula P \u003d 0.6 * S * V 3, where:
P. - Power, watt
S. - Area, m2
V. - Wind speed, m / s

The wind blowing on 1 m2 at a speed of 2 m / s "carries" the energy of 4.8 watts. If the wind speed increases to 10 m / s, then power will increase to 600 watts. At the best wind generators of the efficiency of 40-45%. With this in mind, for a generator with a capacity of 500 watts in the wind, say 5 m / s. The area is required, overtaken by the wind generator screw, about 12 sq.m. What corresponds to the screw with a diameter of almost 4 meters! A lot of money is a little sense. Add here the need to obtain permission (noise limit). By the way, in some countries the windmill should be coordinated even with ornithologists.

But then I remembered the sun! It gives us a lot of energy. For the first time, I thought about it after the flight over the frozen reservoir. When I saw a mass of ice with a thickness of more than meter and 15 kilometers sizes, I thought: "It's how much ice! How much should it be warm to melt!? And all this will make the sun for a half dozen days. In reference books you can find the energy density that reaches the surface of the Earth. The figure is about 1 kilowatt per meter square sounds tempting. But it is at the equator on a clear day. How really dispose of solar energy for economic needs in our latitudes (central part of Ukraine) using affordable materials?

What real power, taking into account all losses, can be obtained from a square meter?

To clarify this issue, I made the first parabolic heat hub (focus in a parabolla bowl). The pattern from the sectors was saved by the usual food foil. It is clear that the quality of the surface, and the reflective foil abilities are very far from the ideal.

But the task was stood by the "collective farm" methods to heat a certain amount of water to find out what power can be obtained, taking into account all losses. The pattern can be calculated using the Exel file that I found on the Internet of the Internet from lovers to independently build parabolic antennas.
Knowing the volume of water, its heat capacity, the initial and final temperature can be calculated the amount of heat spent on its heating. A, knowing the heating time, you can calculate the power. Knowing the hubs of the hub, one can determine which practical capacity can be obtained from one square meter of the surface to which the sunlight falls.

As a volume of water, half an aluminum can be taken, painted outside black.

Water container is placed in the focus of a parabolic solar hub. Sunny hub oriented in the sun.

Experiment No. 1.

it was held at around 7 am at the end of May. Morning is far from perfect time, but just in the morning the sun shines in the window of my "laboratory".

With a diameter of parabola 0.31 M. Calculations showed that the power of order was obtained 13.3 watts.. Those. least 177 Watt / M.KV. It should be noted here that the round open bank is far from the most the best way To obtain a good result. Part of the energy goes to heating the bank itself, the part is emitted to the environment, including air flows. In general, even in such distant conditions, you can get anything at least something.

Experiment No. 2.

For the second experiment was made parabola diameter 0.6 M.. As its mirror was used metallized scotch, bought in a construction store. Its reflective qualities is slightly better aluminum food foil.

Parabola had a larger focal length (focus outside the parabola bowl).

This made it possible to disroach the rays onto one surface of the heater and get a large temperature in focus. Parabola is easily burning a sheet of paper in a few seconds. The experiment was carried out at about 7 am in early June. According to the results of the experiment with the same volume of water and the same package received power 28 watts.., What corresponds to about 102 watts / m.KV. This is less than in the first experiment. This is explained by the fact that the sun's rays from the parabola lasted on the round surface of the can not everywhere optimally. Part of the rays passed by, part fell by tangent. The bank was cooled with a fresh morning breeze on the one hand, while he was heated on the other. In the first experiment, due to the fact that the focus was inside the bowl, the bank warmed from all sides.

Experiment No. 3.

Realizing that a decent result can be obtained by making the right heat transition, the following construction was made: a pot of tin inside was painted into a black color has nozzles for supplying and removing water. Prettyly closed with transparent double glass. Thermally insulated.

The general scheme is as follows:

Heating occurs as follows: Rays from the solar hub ( 1 ) Through the glass penetrate inside the cans of the heat transition ( 2 ), where, falling onto a black surface, heats it. Water, in contact with the surface of the jar, absorbs heat. Glass does not miss infrared (thermal) radiation, therefore heat radiation losses are minimized. Since over time, the glass is heated with warm water, and begins to emit heat, double glazing was applied. The ideal option, if there is a vacuum between the glasses, but it is a difficult task at home. On the reverse side of the bank is thermally insulated with foam, which also limits the radiation of thermal energy into the environment.

Heatarity ( 2 ) with the help of tubes ( 4,5 ) connects to the tank ( 3 ) (in my case plastic bottle). The bottom of the tank is 0.3m above the heater. This design provides convection (self-priolation) of water in the system.

Ideally, the expansion tank and tubes should also be thermally insulated. The experiment was carried out at about 7 am in mid-June. The results of the experiment are as: power 96.8 Watt.what corresponds to about 342 Watt / M.KV.

Those. The efficiency of the system has improved more than 3 times only by optimizing the design of the heat receiver!

When conducting experiments 1,2,3, the aiming of parabolas in the sun was done by hand, "Paddling". Parabola and heating elements held hands. Those. The heater was not always in the focus of parabola, since the hands of a person get tired and begin to look for a more convenient position that is not always correct from a technical point of view.

As you might notice, efforts were made on my part to provide disgusting conditions for the experiment. Not perfect conditions, namely:
- not the perfect surface of the hub
- not ideal reflecting properties of concentrator surfaces
- not perfect oriented in the sun
- not the perfect position of the heater
- not the perfect time for the experiment (morning)

could not prevent you from getting a completely acceptable result for installation of girlfriend.

Experiment No. 4.

Next, the heating element was fixed motionless relative to the solar hub. This allowed to raise power to 118 Wattwhat corresponds to about 419 Watt / M.KV. And it's in the morning hours! From 7 to 8 in the morning!

There are other methods of water heating, with solar collectors. Collectors with vacuum pipes roads, and flat have large temperature losses in the cold season. The use of sun hubs can solve these problems, however, requires the implementation of the Sun orientation mechanism. In each method there is both advantages and disadvantages.

Since the time of the beginning of our millennium, the possibility and ways to use the energy of sun rays took care of the most outstanding minds of humanity. Already then people perfectly understood that the heavenly shovel named the Sun is the source of radiation of an inexhaustible energy. However, how to "tame" and use it in their own interests at that distant time did not find out. According to sustained to this day, sources, writers of the antiquity of Plutarch and Polybiy, indicated that a person who was the first personally wrote drawings and gathered a working invention, was Archimed.

It was a device that, through some optics-based devices, concentrated the radiation of solar radiation into one powerful stream. Subsequently, the invention was applied to destroy the imperial fleet of the Romans arriving with the gripful objectives.

In essence, the invention of the wise Greek engineer, which he collected with his own hands is the first parabolic hub on the basis of solar energy, the principle of operation of which consisted in the concentration of radiation in one small beam.

In the area of \u200b\u200bthe effects of such a beam, the temperature level could reach from 300 to 400 degrees Celsius. Such an energy concentrated on the housing of any of the ships of the Roman military fleet (which at that time completely consisted of a tree) would be enough to fire a maritime vessel. Today you can only make assumptions about what specifically the invention gave the world Archimedes, but on the basis of modern knowledge and ideas about technologies and achievements in this area of \u200b\u200benergy, there were only two possible options.

Let's start with the fact that the name itself, which turned out the invention is a sun hub, such a name speaks for itself.

Lens, convex on both sides is an example of the simplest concentrator.

This device, which by trapping the solar radiation by a certain bending surface concentrates the rays at one point, achieving multiple energy increases. We all remember from their young past the usual lens, convex on both sides, is an example of the simplest hub. In sunny weather, adjusting its own hands the angle of the fall of the radiation of the sun, it was possible to burn on a wooden surface or on paper, everything that occurred to the head, any shape or inscription.

Such a lens belongs to the group of refractory concentrators. In addition to convex lenses, the following group of fries belongs, which are a prism. Long-focus hubs are collected using the so-called linear lenses. Such hubs are very inexpensive and they are easy to assemble with their own hands, without resorting to the help of a qualified engineer (if you decide to do this, a sufficient amount of video is injected in the network, the query - HomeMade Solar Reflector). However, in practice they are used quite infrequently, one of the reasons for this is their rather large dimensions. Such hubs, including homemade, are used in those places where it makes the area and the space occupied by them are not critical for its owner.

This disadvantage is absent from the prism concentrator of solar radiation. In addition, this equipment can be partially concentrated and part of the diffusion radiation, thereby significantly increasing the power of the energy radial flow created. The trigger prism, with the use of which this mechanism is being built, simultaneously performs functions and the initiator of the radiation point of the concentration of the beam, and the reception of this radiation. In addition to everything, the rear line of the polyhedron reflects the energy flow of the resulting heating edge of the solar radiation, and the side face is responsible for issuing radiation. In the principle of operation of this equipment, the mechanism of maximum reflecting effect on the sun's rays is laid until they are inhabited by the side face.

The reflector solar concentrator Solar compared to refractory functions by combining the bundle of the reflected solar radiation. Based on the form of the structure, such hubs are divided into subspecies and are called parabolocylindrical and parabolic. If you understand the efficiency of the efficiency of these devices, the most powerful source of energy will be a parabolic hub, it gives up to 10 thousand units of concentration.

Parabolic hub gives up to 10 thousand units of concentration

However, to create energy solar heat systems (especially for winter heating), parabolocylindrical or flat devices are more resorted to the installation, moreover, such a system is easy to assemble and with their own hands.

Solar concentrators their practical use and application

In principle, the main function of solar hubs of any design is the collection of radiation coming from the Sun and its concentration at one point. Determine the scope of this energy - the choice of the host of this equipment. Using absolutely free and renewable energy, you can warm up water for the economic needs and needs of hygiene. The amount of heated water will depend only on the size of the plate and the overall concentrator design. Parabolic hubs small sizes Can be used as a furnace for the preparation of products that will work exclusively on concentrated solar radiation.

In winter, hubs can be applied as an additional source of sunlight for photoelectric solar cells, thereby increasing their output power in conditions of lack of solar radiation.

Parabolic hubs can be used as a furnace for the preparation of products.

In fact, the application in order to increase the efficiency of crystalline batteries is a pretty good idea, given the low cost of the hub. Especially since the patent for such a design you will not need. It turns out a peculiar power supply system HomeMade Solar.

It is also possible to use a device as an autonomous energy source for the stirling engine (a patent for such an engine its inventor was obtained for a very long time). Parabolic group hubs create a temperature in the range from 300 to 400 ° C at a point of collecting sunlight.

If in the area of \u200b\u200bthe concentration of rays coming from a relatively small plate, put a metal stand for dishes and put the kettle on it, you can boil the water without the use of electricity. After placing the heater at the point of the energy concentration point, you quickly warm up and flow water in sufficiently large volumes for further use in economic needs. You can pour the garden, wash the dishes, take a shower.

Placing in the focus of the beam correctly selected by the power of the stirling engine, you will get a small thermal and electrical station.

Stirling engines are designed to work in a pair with a sun hub

For example, one company called Qnergy has developed and registered a patent, running the QB-3500 stirling engines, which are designed specifically in order to work in a pair with a solar concentrator Solar Reflector. In essence, such a device can be considered an electric current generator, where the main function is performed by the stirling engine. Note that such a system also requires availability. rechargeable batteries To accumulate the resulting energy. Such a power plant exercises an electric current with a capacity of 3500 W. The output inverter produces a standard voltage of 220 volts, a frequency of 50 Hz. Such an electric current power is enough for you to fully support the needs of the house in which a family of four lives. Effectively use of similar batteries and for country house. The concentrator installed on your site will have an appearance of the satellite antenna without disturbing the external aesthetics.

By the way, one of the manufacturers was registered a patent of the device, where, applying the principle of operation of the Stirling engine, you can create a system that, at its basis, will exploit the recovery or rotational movement (does not require the installation of batteries). As an example of such a system, you can bring a water pump for a well or other purposes.

Parabolic hub needs to be systematically rotated behind the sun's rays as the Earth rotates during the day

The main disadvantage that the parabolic hub has something that it is necessary to systematically follow, turning it behind the rays of the sun as the land is rotated during the day. Where the hubs are used on large heat stations on an industrial scale, the group of batteries additionally install special systems for the movement of the sun. Such systems rotate the mirrors after its movement. Thereby guarantees a constant and effective reception of incoming solar radiation at the most efficient angle. But the use of such equipment in particular, most likely, will not be very appropriate, in view of the fact that the acquisition costs will be significantly large than the cost of the standard reflector on the tripod mount.

How to make solar radiation concentrator yourself?

To explore this issue, you can refer to the experience of the inventor from Vladivostok Yuri Rylova, which has a patent for the heating system created by him. Already for a long time his big vacation home, the total area of \u200b\u200bwhich is more than 400 square meters, is completely heated on the basis of the battery system, where the coolant is heated by a solar hub.

The hub of Yuri Rylova works more than twice as efficient solar batteries.

The whole system for which he as a result was a patent, Clevergan developed himself. Its hub works more than twice as efficient solar panels.

For this there are a number of reasons, one of them is a system of hubs on which the inventor received a patent, it accumulates the energy of the almost entire income spectrum of solar radiation. The following reason is that the system has been complemented by the Sun tracking mechanism (given the scope of equipment in this case, it can be justified).

However, problems have arisen with the introduction of a system to mass production. For the created device, a patent of the Russian Federation has been obtained for more than five years ago, but so far it has not been widely industrial distribution. This is rather strange, since with the words of the fishing, its hub allows you to warm up the entrance of the house in five floors, providing it with hot water. For eight hours of operation, the equipment warms up the water cubic meter. During the same time, the hub will give 80 kW of electricity. In addition, the inventor faced the problem of protecting intellectual property in Russia. To consolidate ownership of its device in countries where it is possible to establish such production, it is necessary independently, officials do not help get a patent abroad.

The easiest way to build your own homemade hub is to make it based on the old satellite plates.

So, the easiest way to build your own homemade hub is to make it based on the old satellite plate. Before the start of assembly of the mechanism, decide on the objectives of its use, and then select the installation location. Pretty clean the antenna and attach the reflective film on the working side.

For smooth laying of the film and to avoid the possible appearance of folds, cut the film on the strips, the size of no more than fifty millimeters. If you decide to apply a hub in the role of a furnace using solar radiation, it will be better when in the central part of the plate you do a hole about 70 millimeters with a diameter. Through it, skip the fastening of the food container. The device guarantees a fixed package position with a warmed object during the turns of the device behind the Sun.

If only a plate with a small diameter is at your disposal, it is worth cutting into a bar with strips of 100 millimeters. Each strip must be glued separately, carefully and gently aligning the joints.

When you finish the reflecting element, determine where the beam concentration point is located. This must be done because the plate shape often does not guarantee matching the focus point and the location of the signal reception head.

Homemade oven hub on solar radiation

To begin with, it is worth identifying a place of concentration, for this one sunglasses. Take a wooden board and dense mittens. Direct the reflector towards the Sun and focus the caught rays on the board, then adjust the distance until you get the most efficient, concentrated beam of energy, do it until you get it the smallest size. Dressed mittens by you will protect the skin of the hands from sunburn if you randomly substitute your hands in the focus zone of the rays. After you determine the concentration point, you will only remain fixing the design and finish its installation at an optimal place. As they say in the circles of inventors: "It remains only to get a patent." Use the results of your work, receiving an inexhaustible and free source of energy.

Stirling engine can be collected using fir-handed, common materials

There are many options for the manufacture of concentrators based on solar radiation. In the same way, you can ourselves using workflow, common materials, assemble the stirling engine (it is really possible, even at first glance, it seems unattainable), and you can use the capabilities of this engine for a wide variety of goals for a long time. All restrictions depend only on your patience and the presence of fantasy.