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Modern Russian as a subject of science. Modern Russian literary language as a subject of study. Russian as a subject of study. The main functions of the modern Russian language. Magazines covering issues of studying and teaching Russian, in

Modern Russian literary language

as a subject of scientific study.
Structure and courses

At certain stages of the development of society and the people (especially during the formation of nation and necessarily nation), literary languages \u200b\u200barise and function. The doctrine of literary languages \u200b\u200bis an indispensable component of modern linguistic theory.

Modern Russian literary language, which is one of the richest languages \u200b\u200bof the world, also requires serious, thoughtful understanding. The high advantages of the Russian language are created by its enormous vocabulary, the broadly significantness of words, the wealth of synonyms, an inexhaustible treasury of word formation, the numerous of the wordform, the characteristics of sounds, the mobility of the emphasis, clear and slender syntax, a variety of stylistic resources.

The history and theory of the Russian literary language is engaged in rusotic. Rusika is - the science of the essence, origin and stages of the Russian literary language. As an independent scientific discipline, it was formed in the first half of the twentieth century. The largest philologists took part in its creation: L.A. Bulakhovsky, V.V. Vinogradov, G.O. Vinokur, B.A. Larin, S.P. Obnodsky, F.P. Filin, L.V. Scherba, L.P. Yakubinsky.

The origins of rusters as sciences belong to the middle of the XVIII century. Prior to that, individual works appeared on the functional dismemberment of the language, the general features of its grammatical system, verbal composition (in the works of N. G. Kurganov, A. P. Sumarowova, A. A. Barsov and others). The foundations of scientific knowledge about Russian were laid by the works of M.V. Lomonosov ("Russian grammar"; "Rhetoric"), as well as the first edition of the "Dictionary of the Russian Academy" (1789-94). These academic works were originally determined the main directions of this science: the dedication of the grammatical structure of the Russian language and his verbal composition. In the "Russian grammar" of Lomonosov in the most general features, the main aspects of studying the grammatical structure of the Russian language were formulated: formal, functional and stylistic - in their organic interaction.

In the first decades of the XIX century. A number of works appear, the authors of which focused their attention on the in-depth description of the individuals of the grammatical structure of the Russian language; Conceptually new and original grammar appear: grammar A. X. East, which seemed primarily the syntactic potential of words, the rules for their semantic and grammatical combination, the study of other philologists who applied primarily to the Russian verb system, to the semantics of its species-time relations: (for example , "Experience of Russian grammar" K. S. Aksakova in the studies of Russian grammatists of the middle and the second half of the XIX century are determined by the main features of future Russian linguistic schools: the appeal to large massifs of material and their careful study, support for the language form and the advent of the thesis on the impossibility of learning language form Values \u200b\u200bin the separation from their material shell, close attention to the individual, individual facts of the language and the definition of their place in the system, refusal of schematism, historicism.

Under the influence of various logical, philosophical aspects and psychological concepts, new directions and schools associated with the names of A.A. Pothebni, Buslaeva, F. F. Fortunatova, Bodouen de Courtae, in 20 century. - A. A. Shamatova, L. V. Shcherbi and V. V. Vinogradova. Various schools appear in Linguistics - Kazan Linguistic School, Moscow Fortunate School, St. Petersburg (Leningrad) School.

By the first decades of the XIX century. Concerns of modern dialectology, originated in the depths of ethnography. Initially, these were amateur records of the features of local govors who were made by teachers and priests and published in the form of dictionaries or brief descriptions in local periodicals. Coloring work was stimulated by the works of society of fans of Russian literature and Russian geographical society. In 1863-66, "The Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" was published by V. I. Daly, in which many thousands of words, both regional and outcut, as well as related eras, are also applied and supplied with a meaningful commentary.

The beginning of historical dialectology was laid by A.I. Sobolevsky, who identified dialectology as a special section of Russian linguistics, closely related to the history of the language, and for the first time he wrote a course of Russian dialectology ("Essays of Russian dialectology"). Chess, creating fundamental historical and dialectological works, mainly on historical phonetics, approached understanding and description of the dialect as a holistic language system.

Throughout the XIX and at the beginning of the twentieth centuries. Rusika is gradually becoming an extensive science that combines theoretical locations with constant work to replenish its material funds - with the publication of monuments of the writing of the Russian language X - XVII centuries. and creating dictionaries.

Own scientific school on the study of the history of the Russian language created chess. He carried out fundamental research and publication of many ancient monuments of Russian writing, he also owns numerous hypothetical constructions and reconstructions as in the field of text history (reconstruction of the history of the text of the Testament of Bygone Years, 1916) and on the origin of the Russian people and its language.

The tradition of creating fundamental grammatical studies has strengthened by the works of Pothebni, Buslaev, later Chematov, Vinogradov. Named Ya.K. The grotto is connected the emergence of the theory of Rus. spelling and the implementation of spelling reform.

At the turn of the centuries, such scientific schools and directions are formed, which determined the formation of multidirectional scientific views and stimulated the emergence of important theoretical works. These schools, addressed to different sides of the language system in its historical and modern state, on different theoretical grounds developed their own methods and analyzing techniques, often associated with various sociological, philosophical and psychological concepts, formed rusist as widely branched, diversified science concentrating in themselves Various concepts and theories, different research methods.

In its modern state, rusotics appears as a science that combines several independent areas. Studying the history of the Russian language in the twentieth century. Largely relied on the traditions laid by Sobolevsky and - to an even greater degree - chess, ideas and methods of which had a strong influence on the works of B.M. Lyapunova, A.M. Selischeva, Vinogradova, S. P. Obnorsky. Nowadays, Russism has generalizing courses on the history of the Russian language, research on historical phonetics, morphology, accentology, lexicology, word formation, syntax.

With gray Xx in. Independent science is formed in the rusticism - the history of the Russian literary language, who gained his incarnation in the writings of Vinogradov, primarily in his book "Essays on the history of the Russian literary language", in the works of L.A. Bulakhovsky, Yu.S. Sorokina, B.A. Assumption and other linguists. With this science, the whole area of \u200b\u200bknowledge belonging to the study of the language of fiction, the language of writers, stylistics is directly closed. Different areas of relevant studies were determined in the works of Vinogradov, O. Vinokura, Larina, B. V. Tomashevsky, Yu. N. Tynyanova, B. M. Eychenbaum, Later V. P. Grigorieva, N. A. Kozhevnikova, M. N. Leather and others.

By the middle of the twentieth century. There was an independent science - lexicology. Its becoming prepared by the works of Russian scientists preceding generations is closely related to the development of lexicography. In the second half of the twentieth century: "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" (Ed. Ushakov), Seventeenth Academic "Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Literature", "Dictionary of the Russian Language" S. I. Ozhegova and some other dictionaries that stimulated development Many theoretical issues of lexicology and lexic semantics. Works appear on the typology of lexical values, the semantic structure of the word, systemics in vocabulary, internal device of the lexical composition of the language, the history of individual words, groups of words and whole lexical classes. Wordwork is activated, various types of dictionaries are created: intelligent, grammatical, word-forming, synonymic, phraseological, associative, etc. The fundamental historical and etymological dictionaries are also published, which reflects the vocabulary and grammar of the past centuries.

The result of a large joint lexicological and lexicographic work can be considered the approval of the thesis on the systemic organization of vocabulary, on the existence of different types of its classes and subclasses, on the presence of various nature of those laws, the development of the dictionary composition of the dictionary is moving into the word of various types of its classes and multidirectively active potentials. Of great importance for historical vocabulary and the theory of the word has a post-artistic publication of the monograph of Vinogradov "History of words". In close connection with lexicography and lexicology there is a science about Russian idiomatics - phraseology. In the development of all these areas, the works of Vinogradov played the important role, O. Vinokura, Scherbi, Ozhegova, Yu. D. Apresan, L. A. Novikova, V.N. Telia and many other researchers. The lexicographic embodiment receive the results of research on the language norm, about the culture of speech: many different regulatory dictionaries were published - spelling, orphoepic, accentological, dictionaries of the difficulties of the Russian language, a variety of training dictionaries.

From the middle of the twentieth century Receives further development of the study of the grammatical structure of the Russian language. Different areas are actively developed related to the study of the grammatical system and the laws of Russian-word formation. These locations were stimulated by monographic studies of Vinogradov, as well as a consistent exit to the light of three academic grammar. The formation of independent science on Russian-word formation is largely due to the appearance in 1946 the articles of the Vinurg "Notes on Russian Word Education". There are many monographic works, dissertations, articles on Russian morphology, syntax and word formation. Along with the works of Linguists of the Vinogradovskaya School (N.S. Pospelova, V.A. Beloshapkova, Swedovaya, I.S. Ulukhanova, E.A. Zemskoy, etc.) Russian grammar and word formation receive new interpretations in general linguistics, and Also in the writings of linguists who appeal to the semaxiological, logical, psychological and pragmatic aspects of the description of the language (work of Arutyunova, Telia, Karaulova, etc.). Fundamental descriptions of the species system of the Russian verb belong to Yu.S. Maslov and scientists of his schools.

From different sides and from different theoretical positions, the syntactic system of the Russian language is investigated - the syntax itself and its connection with vocabulary and lexical semantics, text syntax. Special directions of syntactic and lexico-syntactic studies aimed at an in-depth analysis of the contextual conditions of the word functioning.

Interesting interest in the problem of functional grammar, to the description of the grammatical system, which is not "from the form", and from "values", language meanings. Many grammatical, as well as lexico-grammatical studies are carried out by scientists in a sociolinguistic aspect; The active processes in the language are investigated due to the latest history of the Company, with the social and cultural transformations occurring in it.

Development of research in the field of phonetics and phonology in the twentieth century. associated with the names of Avanesov, A.A. Reformat, scherbi, in recent decades, the system of Russian intonation and accentuation is in depth.

The structure of the "Modern Russian language" course consists of the following sections: phonetics, graphics, spelling, orphoepium, grammar (morphology and syntax), word formation, punctuation, lexicology, phraseology, stylistics.

Consider each of them.

Fonetics (Greek Phone - sound) is the doctrine of the sounds of the Russian language. The phonetics section discusses the following questions: vowels and consonant sounds; deaf and bell, solid and soft consonants; syllable, emphasis.

Graphics (Grapho - I write) - section of the language in which the letter of speech sounds is studied. The graphics also call themselves inscribing letters, their image on the letter.

Orphography (Greek. Orphos is the right, straight, Grapho - I write) - section of science on the language in which the rules for writing words are being studied.

ORFOEPIIA (Greek. Orphoepeia, from Orphos - the right and EPOS - speech) - this is a section of a linguistic language that studies the set of literary language standards related to the sound design of significant units: morpheme, words, proposals and produces pronunciation recommendations - Orphoepic rules.

Morphology (Greek Morphe - Form and Logos - Word) - This is a section of grammar as a science studying: changeable words from their structure (morpheme composition), the form of words and the rules for the formation of these forms; System forms of variable words with all grammatical values; Parts of speech with the grammatical categories belonging to them, as well as lexico-grammatical categories of words.

Syntax (Greek Syntaxis - Building, Order) - Section of grammar studies the language of the word connection system existing in the language in the proposal and system of proposals of different types.

Word formation is a section of a linguistic education word based on another single-cast word, which it is motivated (i.e., output from it in meaning and in form), with the help of special means inherent in the language (affixes, prefixes).

Punctuation is a section of a linguistic system that studies a system of non-phase graphics, mainly punctuation marks forming - along with graphics and spelling - fixed assets of the written (printed language).

Lexicology (Greek. Lexikos is a word and logos - teaching) - a section of linguistics in which the vocabulary of the language is studied, its vocabulary.

Frameology (from Greek. Phrases bodies. N. From Phraseos - expression, Logos word) - section of linguistics learning the phraseological composition of the language in its current state and historical development.

Stylistics - a section of linguistics in which the patterns of using the language in the process of speech communication are investigated, the functioning of language units (and categories) in the framework of the literary language in accordance with its functional bundle in various conditions of speech communication, as well as a functional-style system, or "Style System ", Literary language you are its current state and diachrony.

List of references:

Gup I.B. Russian language and culture of speech. - M., 2002.

Kovalevskaya E.G. The history of the Russian literary language. M., 1978.

Misiri GS Russian language. - M., 1979.

Russian language. Encyclopedia / Ed. Yu.N. Karaulova. - M., 1998.

Investment attractive - generalizing characteristics of the advantages and disadvantages of individual investment objects from the standpoint of a specific investor on the criteria formed by it.

Costs - This is a monetary expression of the costs of the production factors necessary for the implementation by the enterprise of its production and realization activities.

Concept (Lat. conceptio.) - This is a viewing system reflecting an understanding of phenomena and processes, i.e. With the help of the concept, the point of view is expressed on the essence and direction of the development of the studied phenomenon or process.

Treasury obligation - The type of government securities that are issued by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation and is used as a means of payment for the current debt of the federal budget to the enterprise.

Capital - This is the cost that brings income.

Accounts payable - This is a type of commitment characterizing the amount of debts due to payment in favor of other persons.

The autonomy coefficient is an indicator of the share of own funds in the total amount of sources (the more - the better).

The coefficient of financial sustainability - This is an indicator that characterizes the stability of the financial situation of the enterprise, due to exceeding its own funds over borrowed funds.

Compounding - this is the process of transition from today's (i.e. current) cost of capital to its future value

Leverge - Asset management process aimed at increasing profits.

Leasing - This is a long-term rental in combination with logistics and loan. Forms of leasing: straight and return. Types of leasing: financial and operational. Direct Leasing - This is a rental of equipment from a leasing company. Returnal leasing- This is the sale of equipment with a leasing company, and then take this equipment for rent from this company. financial leasing - This is the taking of equipment for rent for the entire period of its operation (until the depreciation will be completed) in order to further redeem. At the end of the lease term, the equipment can be returned or redeemed at the residual value. Operational leasing - This is the taking of equipment for a period of less of its operation. Upon completion of a certain period, the equipment returns.

Management(From English Management - Management) is a system of economic management of production, which includes a combination of methods, principles, forms and gathering.

Financial planning method - This is a way to calculate the magnitude of the financial indicator.

Method of optimization of scheduled solutions - This is when, with financial planning, many different options are drawn up.

Financial forecasting method - This is the foresight of the corresponding changes in the magnitude of the financial indicator.

Insolvency (bankruptcy) of the organization - This is the inability of the debtor to fully meet the requirements of creditors on monetary obligations or to fulfill the obligations on the payment of mandatory payments recognized by the Arbitration Court or the debtor declared.

This value of money - The amount of future funds given in accordance with a certain interest rate to the present period of time.

Cost extension (compounding) - the process of bringing the present value of money to their future value in a certain period by attaching to their initial amount of accrued interest.

Continuous cash flow - the flow of payments to invested capital, the percentage of interest on which is not limited, and accordingly, the final return period of its main amount is not defined.

Regulatory method - This is the use of norms and standards when calculating financial indicators.

Norma - This is an installed measure, i.e. Some average value (raw material consumption rate, depreciation rates, tariff contributions rates, tax rates, etc.).

Regulatory - This is a technical, economic and other indicator of the norms, in accordance with which a program is performed. The standard means the calculated value (a ratio of deductions to the repair fund, the regulatory of the need for working capital, etc.).

Tax -this is a mandatory contribution to the budget of the relevant level or to the extrabudgetary fund, carried out by the payer in the manner and on the conditions defined by legislative acts in order to financial support for the state.

Taxation- This is the process of establishing and taking taxes in the country, the definition of species, objects, values \u200b\u200bof tax rates, tax carriers, the order of their payment, the circle of legal entities and individuals in accordance with the tax policy developed.

Office object - This is a combination of the conditions for the existence of monetary turnover, financial relations and the movement of financial resources.

Bond - Em session securities containing the issuer's obligation to pay its owner (creditor) Nominal value at the end of the established period and periodically pay a certain percentage of its value.

Option - This is an agreement given the right, but not binding to buy or sell an asset at a given price of a specified period or earlier.

Repo operationsagreement on borrowing securities under a certain guarantee of funds with a reverse redemption condition.

Risk assessment of investment projects - This is the identification of all the causes of the occurrence, the likelihood of the onset and the consequences of potential losses associated with the implementation of investment projects.

Working capital - These are the costs of raw materials, materials, labor, which are fully included in the product price and return in cash after its implementation.

Working capital - These are funds serving the process of economic activity, participating simultaneously in the process of production, and in the process of selling products.

Business assessment (Business valuation) - the act or process of preparing the conclusion or determination of the cost of the enterprise or share of shareholders in its capital.

Evaluation of financial assets - It is determined at the market value of the assets of the organization, the company's company on the basis of a reducing cost, taking into account the physical and moral wear.

Evaluation of receivables - This is the accounting of the financial state of the debtor, the availability of the fulfillment of the monetary obligation.

Evaluation of securities - This is a mandatory attribute of purchase and sale transactions, investment in the authorized capital of enterprises, executing a collateral to obtain a loan, as well as identifying the current market value of the company and its assets.

Circulation of money - This is a cash flow element that has an initial and endpoint.

Fixed assets - These are wages that are continuously involved in economic activities and do not change their natural-real form (building, land, equipment).

Current assets are objects of labor that take one-time participation in the production process and at the same time change their natural-real form (raw materials).

The principles of financial management are common patterns and sustainable requirements, subject to the effective solution of tasks and achieving financial management goals.

Subject of financial management - This is a system of economic, organizational, legal relations arising in the finance management process of organizations.

Percent - The amount of income from the provision of capital in debt or the fee for the use of loan capital in all its forms (deposit percentage, credit percentage, percentage of bonds, interest on bills, etc.).

Simple percentage - The amount of income accrued to the principal amount of capital in each interval, at the end of which further payments are not carried out.

Interest rate (interest rate) - a bet that characterizes the ratio of the amount of the percentage and the sum of the (borrowed) capital (expressed in decimal fraction or percentage).

Accrual period - The overall period of time during which the process of increasing or discounting the cost of money is carried out.

Preliminary percentage method (PREMUMENDO METHODE OR ANTIOSIPTIVE METHOD) - A method for calculating payments, in which percent accrual is carried out at the beginning of each interval.

Subsequent percentage calculation method (Posnoderando method or decoternal method) - a method for calculating payments in which the percentage accrual is carried out at the end of each interval.

Penumrando - Systematic increasing deposits that occurs regularly at the beginning of each settlement period.

Postsenrando - Systematic increasing deposits, which is taking place regularly at the end of each settlement period.

Maximum value of capital - These are the cost of producing another unit of products.

Involved funds - These are cash that is constantly at the disposal of a business entity. The source serves: accounts payable.

Proportional addiction - This is predicting individual indicators based on the effect on their value of other indicators.

Production funds - These are fixed assets and working capital that participate in the production process.

Restructuring - work on the recovery of problem companies in order to increase their value in the interests of all stakeholders.

Profitability is an indicator that characterizes cost economic efficiency.

Profitability of production - This is the attitude of the balance profit to the total value of assets.

Profitability of products - This is a ratio of total profit to the cost of products.

Risk - This is uncertainty in a possible result.

Risk - The likely event or a set of events whose offensive will inevitably lead to a loss, damage or unfavorable outcome.

Risks of the investment project - These are deviations from the intended investment project purposes.

Risk of missed benefit - This is the risk of an indirect non-treatment of profits as a result of the non-exit to any event (for example, insurance, investment, etc.).

Risk of reducing returns - This is a risk resulting from a decrease in the amount of interest and dividends on portfolio investments, deposits and loans. It includes interest risks.

Risk of direct financial losses - This is the danger of losses and non-receipt, as a result of the commission, of any action.

Settlement and analytical method - This is the calculation of planned financial indicators based on the analysis of the achieved value of this indicator and the pace of its change in the future period.

Strategy - This is the general direction and method of using funds to achieve the goal.

Subject of Management - This is a group of people (manager, financial directorate) performing responsibilities for the management of the financial activities of the organization as a financial service.

Swap - Agreement between two subjects about the exchange of obligations or assets.

Insurance -relationships on the protection of property interests of organizations upon the occurrence of certain events at the expense of special cash funds.

Insurance - Ethosystem of economic relations on the protection of property interests of individuals and legal entities in the occurrence of certain events (insurance cases) through cash funds generated from insurance premiums paid by them.

Comparative analysis - This is an analysis in the form of a comparison of two analyzed indicators obtained at the same time in time by several organizations or comparing reporting and planned financial indicators.

Sanitation organization - This is a combination of measures to improve the financial condition of the enterprise and prevent bankruptcy.

Complex percentage - The amount of income accrued in each interval, which is not paid, and joins the principal amount of capital and in the subsequent payment period itself brings income.

Weighted average cost of capital - This indicator reflects the minimum of return to the enterprise invested in the activities.

Payback period PAYBACK PERIOD is the time that is necessary in order for future cash flows to be equal to the amount of recovery of initial investment.

Own funds - These are cash that ensures the continuity of the production process and sales of manufactured products.

Situational analysis - This is the prediction of possible options, which will be foreseen with the likelihood of obtaining certain values \u200b\u200bof various indicators and the development of the financial condition of the management facility based on the observed trends.

Strategic financial planning - This is determined by the most important indicators, proportions and paces of expanded reproduction, aimed at implementing the company's main goals for the period from 3 to 5 years.

Tactics - These are specific methods and techniques to achieve the goal in specific conditions.

Trend analysis- It is an analysis that is compared with the indicators obtained over a number of years (3-5 years).

Commodity stocks - goods that the company holds for production and sale: cash stocks of raw materials, finished products and goods in stock, work in progress, goods purchased for resale, animals on fattening.

Tolling - Means operations on Daval and Raw materials and are associated with the transfer of raw materials to the processing and receiving finished products or semi-finished products from this raw material.

Management solution - This is a choice that the manager must do to fulfill the duties caused by his post.

Sustainable growth rate - This is the maximum achievable growth rate with the current volume and capital structure within the framework of the concept of sustainable development of each enterprise.

Management of investment activities - This is a management aimed at ensuring the implementation of the most effective forms of capital investment.

Financial management (from the English. Financial Management) is a specific cash flow management system, the movement of financial resources and the relevant organization of financial relations.

Financial instrument - This is a contract, the result of which is the simultaneous increase in the financial assets of one organization and financial obligations of the debt or equity of another organization

Futures Contract (futures) - This is an agreement on the stock exchange for fixing the conditions for the purchase or sale of a standard number of a certain asset in a specified period in the future at a price set today.

Forward contract - Agreement on the purchase and sale of goods or financial instruments with the obligation of supply and calculation in the future.

The financial analysis - obtaining parameters that give an assessment of the financial condition of the organization, its profits and losses, changes in the structure of assets and liabilities, relations with debtors and creditors.

The financial analysis - This is a comprehensive assessment of the structure of financial resources.

Financial planning - This is the process of developing a financial plan of the business entity.

Financial planning - type of management activities related to the definition of possible volumes of cash flow and sending their spending in the planning period.

Financial plan - This is a project (document), which is used to evaluate the results of future financial transactions for a certain period, indicating its goals, content, volume, methods, sequence, fulfillment time.

Financial forecasting - This is the development for a long term of changes in the financial condition of the object as a whole and its different parts.

Financial forecasting- type of management activities related to the definition of the desired parameters of the development of the financial system, based on the analysis of its state in the past and present.

Financial regulation - This is a subject to the subject to use finance in order to adjust the parameters related to cost, income and expenses.

Financial control - This is a collection of measures using specific forms and methods conducted by subjects of control on the inspection of financial transactions and actions of state bodies, municipalities, enterprises, organizations, institutions and citizens aimed at obtaining a financial result.

Financial resources - This is a combination of cash funds that are at the disposal of the subject and to send them subsequent to any goals or activities.

Financial results - This is an increase or decrease in the capital of the Organization in the process of financial and economic activities in the form of a total profit or loss. The final result expresses the indicators obtained in the reporting period, and the plastered result in the planned period.

Financial assets - are financial resources enclosed in cash cash, deposits in banks, checks, insurance policies, investments in securities, obligations of other enterprises and organizations on the payment of products for the delivered products (commercial credit), portfolio investments in stocks and stake packages of other enterprises giving the right to control, mutual or equity participation in other enterprises.

Financial strategy - This is the definition of the long-term goals of the company's financial activity and the choice of the most effective ways and ways to achieve them.

Financing - This is a combination of forms and methods, principles and conditions of financial support of the company.

Financing- This is the process of providing the necessary financial resources to ensure expenses related to any purpose.

Financial forecast - This is the likely submission of events in the financial sphere in the future, based on observations and theoretical provisions.

Financial condition - This is a combination of indicators characterizing the availability, placement and use of financial resources.

FondoOstitch - this is the amount of revenue from the implementation, which is obtained from 1 ruble invested in the main funds

Fondarity - This is the volume of fixed assets that is spent on 1 ruble of revenue (usually measured in kopecks)

Foundation accumulation - This is the focus of funds used to develop production

Foundation consumption - This is the concentration of cash used on social needs and on the maintenance of social facilities

Fund of financial reserves - This is the concentration of cash required for reserve stock

Financial discipline - This is mandatory for all enterprises, organizations and officials the procedure for implementing financial activities.

Heading- These are measures aimed at reducing the risk of losses as a result of changes in the foreign exchange rate in the future.

Security - This is a document certifying the compliance with the established form and mandatory details.

Receipt - A monetary document compiled in a prescribed form, which contains the unconditional order of the owner of the personal account in a credit institution on the payment of the check presenter of the indicated summary.

Clean reduced income (Net Present Value) is the difference between the sum of the cost of the future of the cash flow and the cost of initial capital investments.

Pure circulation capital(Pure working capital, Net Working Capital) is a difference between the values \u200b\u200bof current assets and current obligations.

Net cash flow - This is the difference between the total volumes of positive and negative cash flow.

Fine - This is a monetary penalty, measure of material impact on persons responsible in violation of current legislation, contracts or certain rules.

Effect of trainee curve - extension of production volumes to certain limits is accompanied by an increase in the effectiveness of financial and economic activities, this is achieved by the influence of constant costs.

Economic efficiency of the investment project - This is a category reflecting the compliance of the investment project to go to the goals and interests of its participants.

The effect of exposure to the production lever - This change in revenue from the implementation leading to a change in profit.

The effect of the impact of the financial lever - This is the level of additional profits on your own capital with different proportions of the use of borrowed funds.

Economic and mathematical modeling - This is the compilation of an economic and mathematical model, which is an accurate mathematical description of the economic process.

Export assessment - This is forecasting in a great uncertainty of the functioning environment of the object under study, which is attracting experts, the form of a narrow or wide profile specialists.

Extrapolation - forecasting indicators based on the transfer of the achieved values \u200b\u200bfrom the vulgar period into the future (planned) period, taking into account the trends in the change.

Lecture 1. Modern Russian literary language as a subject of study

The course of Srl is the main course among the linguistic disciplines of our specialty. It involves the study of the SRL system and structure, its units and rules for their functioning in speech at different levels of the language. In school, unlike university, we only encounter elements of such a study (analysis), but entirely the school is aimed at practical language proficiency (speech development + speech). Unlike general linguistics, the course gives a more detailed description of all aspects of the language outside its comparison with other languages \u200b\u200band with the general theoretical laws of the life of the language in general. Unlike the historical grammar, the course involves a strictly synchronous description of language phenomena in their completeness and classification, in the system. In contrast to Lakht or Stylistics, the Srl assumes precisely the systemic study of the units of the language, where the individual features of speech or text associated with a special mode of its functioning are insignificant, and it is common to be common, invariant traits of the language that are manifested in all texts and speech acts. In contrast to spelling and punctuation, Shll studies not ways to transfer the language in the letter, and the device itself itself, i.e. That which is exposed to spelling and punctuation. And finally, in contrast to the study of a foreign language, Shll implies the theoretical mastering of the language of the language of the language, on which we all say, and not a practical assimilation of live communication skills in another language (studying a foreign language, we learn to include a tape recorder, and studying Shrill, we understand in the device of the tape recorder).

And now we will briefly go along each of the elements of the concept of Shrill.

LANGUAGE. Structure of shit as a real object and, accordingly, as an object of study (however, as any other language), we briefly studied in the introductory course of linguistics. These are levels of language, i.e. Autonomous mechanisms of its existence and functioning with their own set of units, the patterns of their functioning, not refer to other levels, i.e. Subsystems forming a whole system. The main levels of the language are vocabulary (including phraseology), phonetics (including phrase), morfemic (including morphorium), word formation, morphology and syntax (together the last two make up grammar). In addition to the main levels of language, there are also non-structural areas of phenomena with certain integrity and specificity, but not creating a special level (as if "spilled") at different levels. This is the style and semantics. Experimental, not because not important, but because external tongue system - graphics, spelling, orphoepium and punctuation. In the science of language, there is an already known to you by the terminology of the terminology, which simultaneously denotes the level itself, and the section of the language science, studying it. In our case, this dubbleness is violated only for the lexic level - vocabulary and lexicology.

MODERN. The meaning of the word "modern" denotes the conditional chronological binding in time - what to consider the "modern language". With all the conventions of this binding, there is still a very accurate objective criterion in the "head" of the speaker of the language - "modern will be the language from the moment of time from which we begin to understand the texts without a dictionary. In this regard, for the Englishman, this is the era of Shakespeare (17th century), for the German - Goethe (18th century), and for us - the beginning of the 19th century (Pushkin). Of course, the language since Pushkin has undergone changes: but we will not take changes in vocabulary - the most labile system of any language. In the sphere of grammar and to a lesser extent - phonetics - the language as a whole remained unchanged. Although here you can differentiate the concepts of modern - in a broad sense, we localize it from the 19th century, and in a narrow sense - it is impossible not to take into account the revolutionary shifts in the language of the beginning of the 20th century: it can be said that the "modern" language is only a language, Starting from the beginning of the XX century.

RUSSIAN. There are two types of definition "RUSSIAN" - synchronous and diachronic. Synchronically Russian is a kind of common language for residents of different territories, which, even speaking on dialect and social varieties of language, identify their speech and understand others like Russian - are Russophones (remember the concept of psychosons). In this sense, even such distant dialects, as Seororussky and South Russian, are considered as belonging to the general language-based, or, as they said to the course of Ors, to nursery Language Type, And Ukrainian and Russian are different languages \u200b\u200b(again in diachronia was not so - in the 13-14th centuries. Russian and Ukrainian were only dialects of the general Russian language). At the moment, the Russian language lives in two hypostatas - the Russian language of the metropolis and the Russian language of the diaspora, which is characterized by a certain specificity. The diachronically notion of "Russian" is associated with its place in the genealogical classification and its historical destinies. The Russian language belongs to the Indo-European family of languages, the Slavic branch, the East Slavic group (where in addition to it, the Ukrainian, Belarusian and dead are old Russian languages). Historically, we can use the concept of "Russian language" only in relation to 14-15 V. In connection with the beginning of the formation of the state of Moscow. Prior to that, it was undifferentiated, along with Ukrainian and Belarusian, in ancient Russian language as his dialects.

LITERARY. The concept of a literary language is a central concept in a synchronical description. What is a literary language? First, this concept needs to be distinguished from the language of literature (therefore, the term fails - many are proposed to talk about a regulatory language or a codified language). This is due to the fact that the central concept of the literary language is its normalness. Just in a specific situation, it was with the Russian language that the processing and normalization of the language was carried out in the history of the artistic literature (but this is not necessarily - in Dr. Greece, in England - this role was carried out by business speech, in Dr. Rome - public rhetoric).

So, at first, any language exists in the form of oral dialects, which are largely opposed to each other. But at a certain stage of the development of civilization, the need arises in the unification of the transformation of the heated govors in a uniform form, the catalyst of this unification process is writing. So the need is in normal - objectively existing in the language of the regulatory function, which is included at the time of the presence of a variant form, pronouncing, writing. The norm is a combination of sustainable traditional implementations of the language system selected and enshrined in the process of language communications. This is a combination of stable and unified rules consciously cultivated by society. There are spelling, orphoepic, lexical, grammatical, stylistic, punctuation, word-formational norms. Regulatory is a specific feature of a literary language, which distinguishes it from non-leaturated speech varieties. The norm is external with respect to the language system, this is a kind of society intervention in the language - after all, the possible option is selected and estimated not by language laws, but according to the extralyinguistic (authoritative, most cultural layer of society, the text, speech of the public figure, politics, in our Time - Media). Also, the norm also has a specific historical character - it is a dialectic of stability and variability. Conscious design and consolidation of the norm, its classification and description in special sources (dictionaries, etc.), which have the status of the law, is called the norm codification. So, The literary language is a regulatory, codified language, characterized by a high degree of sophistication, processed, wealth of possibilities. The simplest, "domestic" definition of la is "we are a speech of educated, cultural people."

In diachronic. Only from the 17th century can only be said about the literary Russian, when the Moscow State finally imposed. The basis of it was the Moscow language, considered to be averages, transitional, because Combined the features of dialects and the south and north of Russia. Prior to that, bilingual existence existed - the function of the literary language in the sphere was carried out and the Church Slavonic, and the Old Russian languages. In the 17th century, bilinguals are eliminated, and the Russian liter. Language, based on the influence of business writing, finally displaces dialects from significant spheres of speech communication.

Shrill in Synchronia. Sral is not a monolithic mass, but the system of options - functional varieties, or styles. This specialization is inherent in the developed languages \u200b\u200bof a developed society, when the division of social functions and spheres reaches its heyard: SRAIL is divided into spoken and book styles: these, in turn, are divided into scientific, official-business and journalistic. It must be remembered that the differences between them are not systemic (not in grammar), they only concern the characteristics of the choice of some other means from the general arsenal.

Question about the borders of the street. In addition to Shll, as the main part of the nationwide (national) language, it includes others - non-model varieties. Territorial species - dialects. Purchase - not tied to the place - this is a speech of a urban low-educated population that does not own the norms of the literary language (they also include vulgarisms - even more reduced vocabulary, curses, etc.). Social jargons (Argo, Slang) - youth, subcultural, thieves, car enthusiasts, fans, etc. Argo, unlike Jargon, a narrowly closed speech, whose purpose is to hide, encrypt information; It is used and cultivated consciously, in contrast to Zhargon, which objectively develops and is only an expressive function. Slang is a social jargon, unlike professional (London Cockties). Professional jargon - sailors, military, chauffeur. Noi are used when communicating on production topics. Unlike them, social jargins perform the function of non-name, and characterization (belonging to "its", to fashion, etc.).

Place yachl in this system. It used to be believed that yachl is a special functional variety of la. Really, the yachl equally uses the means and la and nrya; In this sense, it is not part of the literary language, but acts as a correlate of the entire national language, opposing him according to the dp aesthetic, i.e. intentional use in noncommunicative function. But, on the other hand, he is the main source of La, his creative laboratory, where language is checked at the maximum of opportunities, its expressive potential is being worked out, stylistic and grammatical resources are running through and so on. After all, it does not cow social regulations, but at the same time needs No less thorough selection of funds is true, for other purposes.

Written and oral speech. All non-model varieties of the language are angry: In addition, in contrast to the la, they act only in oral forms; La has oral and written varieties. Fundamentally distinguished written and oral species of language. The main form of tongue exists and in terms of synchronous, and in terms of diachronic is oral. The written form appears much later, at the level of relatively high development of civilization. But it is thanks to writing a civilization and gets a huge impetus in the development, acquiring the possibility of fixing and transmitting experience, the conservation of information - and therefore its processing and improvement.

Written speech is opposed to oral in parameters: Spontaneity - purification, raw - processed, direct addressee - mediated addressee. In this sense, a written speech uses more complex structures, the degree of verbalization of non-language content is high - after all, in oral spontaneous speech, much clear from the context and the situation. Therefore, grammatical relations in it are undifferentiated, and violation of the norm, and various kinds of reduction, loss of links and morphology disorders. Yes, and the norms themselves are different for the other: much is permissible in UA, but it is unacceptable in writing (let's remember Russian communities, serious revs - and there are many Slavoms in conversational speech?).

Imagine the longitude of the time that these languages \u200b\u200bwere divided<…> Polish and Russian language since it was divided long ago! Think when Kurlyandsky! Think when Latin, Greek, German, Russian! About deep antiquity "(Lomonosov, materials for Russian grammar, 1757, p. 658-659).

Scientists have established that all modern Indo-European languages \u200b\u200boccurred from one unsubstantiated source language (language-based language, prudence), which is conventionally called Pyranceo European (or general-European) language. This language existed to about the III - II millennium BC. E., then collapsed into separate branches. One of these branches is Praslavyansky (existed approximately the VII century. N. E.). Ancient Russian scientists call the language of East Slavic tribes, gradually consolidated in ancient Russian nationality (IX - XIV centuries). From the second half of the XIV century Old Russian nationality ceases to exist as a single community and on its basis three independent people are developing - Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian (and, accordingly, three independent languages \u200b\u200b- Old Russian, Starokrainsky, Starobalorusky). With the elimination of feudal fragmentation, the formation of centralized states and the development of capitalist relations of nation is gradually turned into modern nations, and native languages \u200b\u200b- in national languages. (About differences between concepts genus, tribe, nationality, nation, And also about the differences between national and donational languages, see: Filin, 1981, ch. 2).

Russian language, thus, passed a long path of historical development: a) from the tribal language of East Slavic tribes to language of ancient Russian nation (IX - XIV centuries); b) from the language of the Old Russian nationality to language of Great Russian Nationality (XIV - XVII centuries); c) from the language of Russian nationality to russian nation language (Approximately the second half of the XVII century. to the present).

3. Russian literary language. There is also no unity of views on the content of the concept of "literary language" among the lingules: many definitions are offered, each of which has its drawbacks. Such a situation is due to the complexity of the category of "literary language": a) first of all, this concept, as well as the concept of "Russian language", is historically changeable, i.e., it has changed in different periods of the history of the Russian literary language (for example, until XIX in. The "literary" language was considered only a written language, the conversational speech was non-vertical); b) The literary language is in complex and historically changing relationships with other (non-veterinary) varieties of a nationwide language: dialects , or folk dialects (geographically limited varieties of language), jarni and Argo (Socially limited language varieties

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