Philosophy. Philosophical works. Philosophical literature. Books on philosophy. Philosophy read online best philosophical works

"Psychology"

David Myers.

The book of David Myers, an American social psychologist, researcher and popularizer of science is written for students of psychological faculties, but recommend it, in general, all interested in it. Eight hundred and extensive pages of this textbook cover all aspects of general psychology: from the genetics and child development to motivation and mental illness. Special respect for Meers fans nourish numerous illustrations, quotes and links to modern studies.

"Sometimes the excitation reaction to one event switches to the reaction to the next event. Imagine that after swinging jogging you returned home and found out that they got the desired work. Having residual excitement after jogging, will you feel more delight than if you get this news, waking up after Dream? "

"Introduction to psychoanalysis"

Sigmund Freud

Classics of the genre. One of the main works of the father of psychoanalysis in the form of a cycle of lectures, which he read in 1915-1917. About dreams, neurosis and erroneous actions. The theoretical principles and methods of Freud's psychoanalysis caused a powerful wave of criticism, but at the same time influenced the image of the thoughts of all subsequent psychologists and psychiatrists.

"... neurosis is a consequence of a kind of ignorance, ignorance of mental processes that should be known. It would be very much like a well-known theory of Socrates, according to which even vices are based on ignorance. "

"Essays on the psychology of the unconscious"

Karl Gustav Jung

The translation of two volumes of the writings of Charles Jung, revealing the main provisions of its analytical psychology. In the collection, there are essays on which modern psychology has grown in many respects: "psychoanalysis", "Eros Theory", "Another point of view: the will to power", "The problem of the installation type", "personal and collective (or transchive) unconscious", " Synthetic, or constructive, method. " It is equally important for familiarization with the basics of psychology, like "Introduction to the psychoanalysis" of Freud, but closer to the modern understanding of the subject.

"Despite numerous outrageous assurances in the opposite, it remains the fact that love with its problems and conflicts has a fundamental importance for human life and, as an attentive study shows, is much more important than the Individual itself suggests."

Philosophy

"Philosophy: Short Course"

Paul Kleinman

Blider and writer Paul Kleinman skillfully creates encyclopedia of scientific theories. In this book, he collected almost all the philosophical trends and schools: from the commanders to the philosophy of religion. There is a theory, and mental experiments, and curious facts from the lives of philosophers.
"Sartre believed that a person determines not congenital nature, but his consciousness and self-awareness that could change. If a person thinks his perception itself is determined by the place in a social hierarchy or his views can not change, he deceives himself. Razing the phrase "I am, what is there is also nothing more than self-deception."

"History of God: 4000 years of quest in Judaism, Christianity and Islam"

Karen Armstrong

The authoritative British religious, philosopher, publicist and the former obedient of the Catholic Monastery of Karen Armstrong - about three world religions and their formation: how the idea of \u200b\u200bGod appeared, as she was transformed and that each of the merobov religions brought into his image. This is a consistent and structured analysis of the centuries-old formation of a religious worldview.

"... since God created everything perfect," sin "is only the fruit of human imagination. God himself declares in the Bible, which made darkness with light. "

"Archeology of Knowledge"

Michelle Fouco

The "Archeology of Knowledge" of the French philosopher and the theorist of Michel's culture Foucault makes clarity to all his work. So if you read Foucault necessarily, then read this book is generally necessary. It is written as an addition to "words and things" and asks questions about the economic, social and political conditions of knowledge.

"Discourse is not life, it has a different time than we have, you do not reconcile with death. It is possible that you will bury God under the weight of everything that you say, but do not think that from what you will be able to create a person who would have been able to expect longer than him. "

Economy

"How the economy is arranged"

Ha-jun Chang

The book of the Korean economist and the doctor of the Philosophy of Cambridge Ha-Jun Changa on the functioning of the global economy is witty and a bit cruel. Explaining various economic theories, Chang convinces that among them there is no only true look.

"Even none of the economists claimed that the economy can explain the universe. At the moment, its device remains the sphere of interest of physicists - and it was in these scientists that the economists saw a sample to imitate in their desire to make the economy with true science. Some even approached this: they argue that their science explores the "world". This is how, for example, the subtitle of the second volume of the popular series of Robert Frank "The Economic Naturalist" ("Economic Naturalist") sounds: "As the economy helps to understand the world."

"Economics of all: as institutions define our lives"

Alexander Ausan

The dean of the Economic Faculty of Moscow State University argues about the role of the state, man, society and property in the economy in the examples from modern life in Russia. Why are people forced sometimes give bribes to traffic cops and never bargain in supermarkets?

"Is it possible to live in this world with such a gloomy picture? Can. Just need to be understood: our hopes for something mighty and all edges can hardly serve as a normal point of support. It is necessary to rely more on the rules that we can use in dealing with each other. We need to rely on institutions. "

"Global economic history. Brief introduction"

Robert Allen.

In the publishing house of the Gaidar Institute, the most significant economic works of classics and contemporaries are published annually. Professor of the economic history of Oxford University analyzes the global economy, starting from the Globalization stage, and notes how different countries responded to its challenges. He pays special attention to how economic growth is associated with the introduction of new technologies and the improvement of the education system.

"Western Europe and the United States made (in the XIX century) the economic development of the main priority and used a standard set of targeted actions to ensure it: the creation of a single nationwide market by eliminating domestic fees and duties and the construction of transport infrastructure ..."

Culturology

"Theoretical Cultureology"

Alexey Shemanov, Oleg Rumyantsev

In fact, this is the encyclopedia of cultural studies. The book is conveniently divided into two sections - "Concepts" and "Terms" - in each of which are also presented and classical, and modern ideas of culture. It discusses such concepts as multiplicity of culture, everyday life, local cultures in the world of globalization, human self-identification in culture, language concepts and speech practices.

"The problem of S. (self-identification) shows the dynamic of modern life and generated by it conflicts. Due to the instability of the structure of the current social being, people are forced to constantly revise many aspects of their identity - professional, social and stratification, educational, economic, etc. ".

"Simulacra and simulations"

Jean Bodrieyar.

Again the classic - the philosophical treatise of Jean Bodrieryar about reality and symbols that replaced it. Describing modern culture without mentioning Bodrieryar is almost impossible. He proclaimed the era of hypereality, in which society has lost contact with reality. Including these ideas are based "Matrix" and the world in which neo lived.

"There is no more mirror anything and its display, no real and its concept. There is no more imaginary equivalent: genetic miniaturization becomes measurement of simulation. Real is made on the basis of miniature cells of matrices and storage devices, control models - and an unlimited number of times can be reproduced. "

"Unpredictable cultural mechanisms"

Yuri Lotman

The final work of the world-famous literary critic, culture and semiotics was not easy fate: for the first time they were published in 1994, after the death of Lotman, in poor quality and with typos. And only in 2010, when she was engaged in the University of Tallinn, the monograph was published in Russian in decent decoration. In the book, Yuri Lotman summarizes his views on culture, considering her manifestations such as art, science or fashion, through the prism of the semiosphere.

"In the field of culture, knowledge of it itself is one of the most important tasks. But knowledge is not the final comprehension of some kind of stopped point, it is drawn into a crazy race and seeks to do hopeless: catch up the object that he is himself. "

Sociology

"Grammar order. Historical sociology of concepts that change our reality "

Alexander Bikbov

Sociologist Alexander Bikbov has studied Soviet and Russian society for many years, especially during protest movements. Considering such concepts as the "middle class", "democracy", "humanism", "personality", "mature socialism", "scientific and technical progress" and "Russian nation", he talks about the changes that occur with the Russian society 20 years.

"Without becoming" sacred ", as demanded radical economists-reformers and politically close publicists, after some time" property "acquires a more modest technical status, entrusted to administrative, cadastral, fiscal classifiers."

"Social space. Fields and Practices »

Pierre Burdieu

One of the most influential sociologists of the 20th century, Pierre Bourdieu wrote 35 books and several hundreds of articles on education, power and politics, culture and art, economics and science, mass media and religion. This publication is a collection of Essay Bourdieu, the most relevant for the modern reader.

"... Religion contributes (hidden) approval of certain principles of structuring of perception and understanding of the world - in particular, social, imposing a system of practices and ideas, whose structure, objectively based on the principle of political separation, appears as a natural-supernatural structure of space."

"Theory Practice"

Vadim Volkov, Oleg Kharhordin

Oleg Kharhordin and Vadim Volkov were the first in Russian analyzed and described the theory of everyday sociology. The material is presented in the form of lectures that the authors read at the University of European University in St. Petersburg, and the publication can be considered, among other things, the encyclopedia of theoretical approaches in sociology.

"The book" Write and punish "describing the logic of disciplinary power through the genealogy of her birth, directly indicated that it analyzes practices: there are two verbs in the title in the title."

Philosophy makes us ask questions and reflect on everything that we consider to see forgoing. So today we made for you a selection of outstanding thinkers, both our time and the past so that you move in leisure your rusty conviction, taking any of the works of the following men and women.

1. Hannah Rent

Hannah rent is one of the most famous political philosophers of the modern century. After expulsion from Germany in 1933, she seriously thought about the topical matters of modernity and began to warmly search for answers to the main questions of life, the Universe and everything at all. Fully immersed in his reflection on politics, civil society, the origins of totalitarianism, about evil and forgiveness, Hannah tried to accept their searches with the terrible political events of that time. And although it is quite difficult to classify the ideas of the rent on one general scheme, Hannah in each of its work (and more than 450-tons) calls on humanity "thoroughly think about what we do."

The most famous works:
"Totalitarian origins", 1951
"The banality of evil: Eichman in Jerusalem", 1963

2. Noah Khomsky

Professor Linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Internal Affairs and Critic of American US Policy in the evening, Noah Khomsky is an active philosopher both outside the academic sphere and in Oyoy. His political comments are not in the eyebrow, but immediately two eyes. This philosopher is asked questions aimed at creating new conclusions to the public. Homsky changed the face of linguistics in the middle of the 20th century, publishing his classification of formal languages \u200b\u200bcalled Hierarchy of Homsky. And the magazine "New York Times Water Review" said that "Khomsky Noah - perhaps the most important of the intellectuals living today."

The most famous works:
"Syntactic structures", 1957
"The problem of knowledge and freedom", 1971
"Necessary illusions: control over the thought in democratic societies", 1992
"Hegemony or a struggle for survival: the desire of the United States to world domination", 2003

3. Alain de Botton

English writer and philosopher, a member of the Royal Society and the television lead Alain de Botton confident that, as in ancient Greece, modern philosophy should also have some practical value for society. His works, documentaries and discussions affect completely different aspects of human life, ranging from the professional working sphere, ending with the problems of personal development and searches for love and happiness.

The most famous works:
"Love experiences", 1997
"Concern status", 2004
"Architecture of happiness", 2006

4. Epicur

Epicur - an ancient Greek philosopher born on the Greek island of Samos, and the founder. The great thinker of the past categorically insisted on the fact that the road to happiness lies through the search for pleasure. Surround yourself with friends, stay self-sufficient and do not climb on the Rogger - here is his constant principle. The word "Epicurez" became synonymous with increasing and idleness due to the contacted positions. Well, we offer you to personally read the works of the famous philosopher and make their own conclusions.

The most famous works:
Collection of aphorisms "Main thoughts"

5. Arne Nass

Mountaineer, public figure and philosopher, originally from Norway, Arne Nashov was the main player in the global environmental movement and the author of a unique point of view in the discussion on the destruction of the natural world. Nass is considered the creator of the concept of "deep ecology" and the founder of the same flow.

The most famous works:
"Interpretation and accuracy", 1950

6. Martha Nussbaum

An American Martha Nussbum talks loud voice about social justice based on the ancient philosophy of Aristotle, where every person is a carrier of inherent dignity. Nussbaum claims that, regardless of mental abilities, age or sex, each representative of the human genus should be considered precisely in a similar respectful vein. Marta is also sure that society is not functioning for the sake of mutual benefit, but for the sake of love to each other. In the end, no one has canceled the power of positive thinking.

The most famous works:
"Not for the sake of profit. Why do democracy need humanitarian sciences ", 2014

7. Jean-Paul Sartre

His name practically became synonymous. French philosopher, playwright and novelist, who created its basic works in the interval between 1930 and 1940, tested his descendants a great idea that a person was doomed to freedom. However, we have already written about it, and if you missed this article for the fatal coating of circumstances, then you can replenish the gap

The most famous works:
"Nausea", 1938
"For closed doors", 1943

8. Peter Singer

After the publication of his famous book "Release of Animal" in 1975, the Australian philosopher Peter Singer became a cult person for all activists to protect the rights of our smaller brothers. Be ready for the fact that this dude will make you take a fresh look at your meal in a plate, and also inspires small sacrifices for those who are fortunate less.

The most famous works:
"Liberation of animals", 1975

9. Baruch Spinoza

Although the Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza lived in the 17th century, his philosophy is largely relevant today. In his main work, under the name "Ethics" of Spinosa describes its subject of study, as if a mathematical equation, and protests against the idea of \u200b\u200babsolute freedom of human personality, arguing that even our mind works in accordance with the principles of physical laws of nature.

The most famous works:
"Ethics", 1674

10. Slava Zhizhek

Slovenian philosopher, cultural critic and founder of the Ljubljan philosophical school of glory Zizhek became a significant figure in modern pop culture. Glory calls himself a "militant atheist", and his books instantly disagree with huge circulations and become bestsellers.

The most famous works:
"Year is impossible. Art dream dangerous, 2012
"Welcome to the Desert of Reality", 2002
"Doll and dwarf. Christianity between heresy and riot ", 2009

philosophical theory of literature. There are in three main versions: first, the inclusion of literature as an equal component in the context of the philosophy of a thinker, secondly, the comparison of philosophy and literature as two autonomous practices in order to detect their similarity and difference, thirdly, attempts to find philosophical Problems actually in literary texts (conventionally speaking, according to the typology of L. Maki, literature? Philosophy, literature and philosophy, philosophy? literature).

Unlike the theory of literature, which is developed by experts as a conceptual foundation of literary criticism, F. L. Practiced by philosophers interested in placing literature in the context of its own philosophical system. So, in the dialogues of Plato, poetry is considered along with metaphysical, epistemological and ethical and political views of the philosopher. The "poetics" of Aristotle, making up the earliest sample of Western literary theory, represents an attempt to use the experience of Greek poets and playwrights in the philosophical thinker system. If the "poetics" of Aristotle as a philosophically desolteral essay is the basis of classical poetics, the basis of the romantic poetic poetics is the "literary biography" S. T. Koligzha, whose literature philosophy of literature was devoted to both the rationale for the versatility of the creativity of poets and metaphysics that matched this work. Attempts to include literature in philosophical constructions were made by D. Yum and A. Shopenhauer, M. Heidegger and J. P. Sartre. To a large extent, these trends were due to the desire of thinkers to prove the possibility of a variety of ways to export meaning. German romance (F. Schlegel, Novalis) considered literature, like other arts, the cornerstone of the philosophy itself: "Philosophy is the theory of poetry. She shows us that there is poetry, - there is everything and all" poetry). The literary theory of romantics, based on the German transcendental idealism, to explain the world by means of artistic creativity: "An extensive and versatile range of problems, representing the literary theory of romanticism, is largely directed into the sphere of philosophical, which is especially characteristic of German romanticism." (A. Dmitriev). In the future, the "romantic" line of philosophizing was developed in the philosophy of life, phenomenology, existentialism - philosophical schools, concerned about the increase in the partialness of human existence due to dominance in the culture of rationalistic representations cultured by traditional metaphysics and directed to the immediacy of contemplation of reality depth.

The second version of the understanding of F. L. Ensures attitude to philosophy and literature as two different and autonomous areas of activity consisting of each other in certain relations. In such a variant F. L. It is trying to identify first of all the moments that distinguish philosophy from literature and clarify their relationship. The one differences in their subject (the first deeperates with objective structures, the second - with subjectivity), according to methods (rational in the first case; related to imagination, inspiration and unconscious - in the second), according to the results (the first creates knowledge, the second - emotional impact). Then the relations of these areas of activity are treated as folding in those areas where the differences between them are overcome. For example, although their items are different, the results may be similar: and the other determine the understanding (the first facts, the second - feelings). Or: Although their methods are different, they can approach the same subject from different parties. The reasoning of this plan developed Thomas Aquinas, believing that philosophy and poetry could deal with the same objects, only one reports the truth about the subjects in the form of Sillogism, the other - inspiring the feelings about them through the image language. According to M. Heidegger, the philosopher explores the meaning of being, while the poet touches the sacred, but their tasks are closed on the deep level of thinking: "Art - the poetry belongs to him - the sister of philosophy," poetry and thought "mutual use", "Poetry And the thought ... entrusted to the sacrament of the word, as the most worthy of his understanding and thereby always relatively related to each other. " However, the understanding of Heidegger's interrelation of philosophy and poetry was associated with the desire of a thinker to resist the objective power of the language, including the philosophical, to find funds for an existential thinking, find a new language, close to the "mimetically expressive possibilities of reality itself" (L. Maeva ), contributing to the execution of the truth of being as "non-exclusiveness".

For J. P. Sartre Literature There are angued philosophy, existential-political activity, consisting "in the service of freedom." The case of the relationship of the French existentialist to the literature and its active appeal to it in his work is interesting to connect a variety of artistic means attracted by the thinker to demonstrate the unnecessaryness of human existence, images, which are drawn, as if intended to "yield" the philosophical needs of the author. It is found that in itself the active appeal to literature is not yet a guarantee that the result obtained will be artistically full.

Third meaning of F. L. - Attempts to discover in literary texts philosophical problems and moments representing the value for philosophers. The philosopher in this case seeks to explore and evaluate the content of literary texts expressing certain philosophical ideas and discussing philosophical problems, for example, discussion of the problem of free will and the the theoties in the "Brothers of Karamazov" F. I. Dostoevsky. In such a way, F. L courses are read. at US universities. Examples of this kind of research are the composition of the "three philosophical poet" J. Santyana (1910), the work of S. Kavel, dedicated to Emerson and Toro, "Cognition of Love" M. Nazbaum (1989). The attention of American researchers to philosophy in the literature is not accidental. According to the observation? S. Yulina, in Europe there is an image of American philosophy as something "empirical" and "science". This is not so. The creators of the American tradition - Jonathan Edward, Ralph Emerson, Walt Whitman, William James - rather were philosophical poets, drawing the world aesthetically and offered a diversity of poetic-foal paintings by Alfred Whitehead, who moved to America, perceived and developed the tradition of aesthetic pluralism. And John Dewey in his mature and penetrating work "Art as an experience" went on this path. If for American thinkers of the first half of the XX in characteristic was the cultivation of "poetic philosophy", the modern authors (and Makintyer, Ch. Taylor, M. Nazazu) lay on the literature of hope in terms of clarifying and expressing the difficulties of the spiritual search of the person in the process of finding self-identity. Thus, the American ethics and philosopher of the Literature M. Nazzaum shows, besides said, in such works, as "the fragility of the good: fate and ethics in the Greek tragedy and philosophy" (1986), "Desire therapy: Theory and Practice in Hellenistic Ethics" ( 1994) that the philosophical discourse should be enriched and expanded through the use of romance narratives, dramaturgy and poetry. In particular, the narrative expresses the complexity of moral life more fruitful than abstract ethical theoretization of philosophy. In the "knowledge of love", the thinker thinks heartfully: "When we explore our life, such a lot prevents us to correct our vision, there are many motifs to remain blind and stupid among us and in our lively perception of a particular thing" Vulgar Fire "of Jealousy and Personal Interest. Roman , just because it is not our life, puts us in a more profitable with t. sp. Perceptions of the moral position and shows us what it would seems to occupy this position in life. We find love here without a proprietary feeling, attention without addiction, involvement without panic. "

These glances are not just the criticism of a certain philosophical style, but are a deep criticism of the moral fundamentalism of Plato and Kant. In the "Fragility of Good", exploring moral fate (Luck), as she was reflected in the writings of Aristotle, Plato and in the Greek tragedy, the Nazkaum shows that the random of human life make some benefits "fragile", for example, love, but they are from this Not made less valuable for human prosperity. Recognition and recognition of such a value involves the concept of practical mind, including, along with intelligence, feelings and imagination. According to the Nazbaum, this approach is best embodied the narratives, since they grab the feature and chance of human action and disclose the contextual wealth of moral reflection (in the "antihogon" of Sofokla theorient has more than fifty diverse references to reflection). P. Ricker is a thinker, also widely used literature in his writings, following the Nazbaum, notes that the call contained in Greek tragedies "Think right" and "rightfully reflect" does not mean that in them we find the equivalent of moral teachings. The tragedy, in his opinion, creates an ethical and practical apior, in other words, it creates a gap between the tragic wisdom and practical wisdom. Refusing to give permission to conflict in accordance with the latter, the tragedy encourages a practically-oriented personality at its own fear and the risk of reorienting their action in accordance with the wisdom of tragic.

At the same time, this kind of philosophical-literary approach comes out of the premise that literature and philosophy have only various forms of the same content: the fact that philosophy expresses in the form of arguments, literature expresses in a lyrical, dramatic or narrative form. The ratio of the philosopher to literature is accompanied by the conviction that he, because of only one belonging to the philosophical workshop, has the right to identify and clarify the item to be dedicated to the philosophical and literary texts, and that the language of philosophy gives an optimal expression of that content that (less adequately) is expressed in the language Literature. The model of this approach is the "phenomenology of the Spirit" Hegel, in which art, along with religion, is understood as imperfect sketches of truth, to express that only dialectical concepts are capable of expressing and properly capable.

The dissatisfaction with this approach (the implicit preference of the philosophy of literature) led to a fundamentally different understanding of the relationship between them, and on its basis - to another concept of F. L. This understanding dates back to S. Kierkegaran, consciously literary form of philosophical writings of which was a significant part of his controversy With Hegel and him, as expressed today, "philosophical imperialism." This strategy was picked up by F. Nietzsche, brought together the history of truth and the history of literary fiction and reflecting on the ability of art to comprehend the truth. The tendency of "aesthetization of mind" in the European philosophy of the late XIX - XX century. (T. Adorno, P. Benjamin, P. Valeri, G. G. Ghadamer, M. Heidegter) was accompanied by the realization of the autonomy of the functioning of the "artistic" in general and, in particular, literature, as well as the fact that artistic The content cannot be no sense to be transformed into propositional structures into well-defined formulas. This trend has received further radical development in the works of J. Derrid and its followers, believing that the consideration of philosophy and literature as alternative expressions of identical content is a serious error, as an error there will be a relationship to philosophy as a dominant discourse, "proper" expression of the content, "not enough exactly" expressed in the literature. According to this position, all texts have a "literary" form, so the texts of philosophers are not worse and not better than the texts of novels and poets, and their content is internally determined by means of its expression. Therefore, "literature in philosophy" - no less than "philosophy in literature". Scrupulously analyzing the philosophical text and those language funds with which it is created, Derrida demonstrates the multi-levelness of his "Language Empire", as a result of the impact of which thought may die under pressure of the total words-labels, but can free themselves from the "Tiracy of someone else's letter". Understanding the "literature" of philosophical texts, their rhetorical structure, the system of trails and figures, actually, and cause the functioning of philosophical argument, Derrid demonstrates how thought is destroyed in the self-confident monologist of the "logo-center" metaphysics. "Literature" is linked to the thinker with the objective tendencies of Western Rationality and manifests itself, with his t. S., in the text, first of all, is that the "unloving", "decoration", etc. . Attempts on the spontaneity of philosophical speech. In turn, the possibility of philosophy as a "speech" of thoughts, as the "protopanis" justifies with the help of the "philosophical and fiction argument in favor of the unity and relationship of philosophy and art, philosophy and literature, the unity of the forms of self-effectiveness of creative intelligence in all possible areas of human activity" ( N. S. Autonomova).

Accordingly, the philosopher of the literature is more not entitled to simply allocate the philosophical content from the literary form. Rather, the types of literary expression themselves put the philosopher before the need to revise the foundations of his own business. "The confusion of philosophers before the truth value of fictional statements is an example of the type of problems that the study of literature can create for philosophical experience" (R. Rorty. The consequences of pragmatism, 1982). For example, the literary Mimesis (especially in the works of postmodern authors) raises questions about the possibility and alleged regulation of the representatives of the facts and threatens undermining the traditional hierarchy of the values \u200b\u200bin which the "fact" is higher than the fiction.

Believing that philosophy does not have its own subject, that its claims for the display of reality are unreasonable, a well-known representative of American pragmatism R. Rortor is convinced that literature contributes to the liberation of philosophy from this delusion, from conversational claims to specific knowledge. Self-awareness of philosophy as a "literary genre" will liberate it from obsolete canons imposed by traditions and will contribute to the "interested conversation" of researchers who strengthen their community and approaching them to the needs of the majority. By opposing the literature of traditional metaphysics, the thinker believes that the first is more effective in two ways: in achieving "solidarity", i.e., literature, reforming the shortcomings of a traditional society, contributes to the implementation of various kinds of reforms, first of all moral; And in achieving the "private autonomy" of the individual, in the task of space, within which the individual is free to satisfy its desires and fantasies, including unauthorized society. Accordingly, these functions of literature, refortes, in the composition "Accident, Irony and Solidarity" (1989), proposes to distinguish "Books, helping to be less cruel" and "Books, helping to be autonomous." Among the first Rorty, in turn, it distinguishes "those that help us see the impact on other people of social practices and institutions" and "those that help us see the impact on other private inventory idiosyncrasias." In the analysis by the thinker of the creativity of a number of writers (Dickens, Drier, Orwell and Nabokov in the "Accident ...", Dickens and Kunders in "Essays about Hydegter and others"), the Oraptems of the Outrition of Social Usefulness of Literature, criticism of social injustice, are well acquainted by the Russian reader. Facilitating a fair social order.

Merit of R. Rortor, X. Rant, P. Riker, X. White, A. Makintyra, M. Nazbaum, as well as the hemeneneutic tradition, appeared, with our tons., Attracting attention to the moment of "narratology" (see " Narratology, "Narrativa"), which unites philosophy and literature. Although a special, "narrative" type of rationality, highlighted by the j. Brunner, along with the traditional formal logical type, is far from all philosophical texts, nevertheless many understanding models that are involved in philosophy, "literary" in the sense, What is close to how the narratives are understood. On fair remark X. rent, "Although about Socrates, who did not write a line and not leaving after himself any work, we know much less than about Plato or Aristotle, we better and more intimate, who Socrates were, because we We know his story, rather than we know about who was Aristotle, although we are much better about his opinions. " In other words, in order to understand what wisdom means, we tell the history of Socrates.

The self-reflection of modern literary texts leads philosophers to the critical understanding of professional paradigms, and, in the case when literature is not considered only as another, attractive, but inevitably the surface source of philosophical ideas, it puts serious epistemological, metaphysical and methodological problems before philosophy.

Excellent definition

Incomplete definition ↓

Under the philosophical novels implies artworks that are written in the form of a novel, but in their plot or images a significant role belongs to philosophical concepts. Such a literary term as the "philosophical novel" was distributed in the XX century.

Often, philosophy genre is intended to illustrate certain philosophical positions. The term "philosophical novel" has no clear interpretation, since many philological scientific schools are inserted into this concept. But despite this, this term was established, and it is quite widely used in the literature, both in scientific and popular.

Some literary works that are characterized as a "philosophical novel" can often be denoted as a novel of upbringing, since if the books of philosophy read online, you can see that in the other genre of the novel, the history of the character formation of the character's worldview is paid. Also in the plot of great importance is the intellectual life of the heroes and its conceptual understanding. But in philosophical novels, a description of the growing and becoming the nature of their main characters may not be presented, while for the novel of education it is a characteristic feature.

Works that are written in the genre of utopia or anti-wasteopia are also sometimes called philosophical novels, because they contain a special conceptual consideration in certain phenomena of public life, the philosophical analysis of the entire society as a whole and the problems of the historical development of society.

For those who are interested in this genre of literature and loves philosophy to read online, will be an interesting library of modern philosophers. It is a series of books started by Arthur Shlipp back in 1939. He himself was the editor of this series until 1981. In the period from 1981 to 2001, this position was held by Lewis Edwin, and since 2001, to this day, this feature performs the Randal Oxler.

Each of the volumes of the library is dedicated to one of the alive at the time of his edition to the modern philosopher. In addition to the "Intellectual Biographies", a complete bibliography and a selection of critical and literary articles are also presented, which are devoted to the capital character with his own answers and comments on these articles.

This series is a certain means that allowed the philosophers of modernity while lifting to give an answer to critical comments to its address and express their own attitude towards the interpretation of their ideas of other philosophers. It helps to avoid long post-mortem discussions that the philosopher really meant in his works. Is this idea implemented? The question is controversial, but she could become a valuable philosophical resource.

At different times, the books of the Libraries devoted to the following philosophers: John Dewey, George Santyana, Alfred North Whitehead, George Edward Muru, Karl Theodore of Jaspers, Rudolf Carnap, Carlo Rimundu, Jean-Field of Sartra, Field Riker, Marjori Grenu and many to many others .

3.11.2017 at 22:48 · Pavlofox. · 46 470

Top 10 Best books on philosophy

The best books on philosophy have absorbed all the wisdom of the centuries, which the great thinkers managed to state on paper. They teach a person to be wise, make you think quite differently and highlight the questions that were behind the curtain of secrets for several centuries. The global library stores many philosophical works that are the present property of all mankind. The presented list included only the smallest part of the best works of great thinkers of all time.

10. Words and things | Michelle Fouco

(Michelle Foucault) opens a list of the best books on philosophy. This is the only work of the philosopher today, which is available in Russian. One of the most ambiguous and complex creative works of Foucault, where he is considered by the thinker shift in the history of Western knowledge. The question of the fact that in Western culture of the 19th century there was a certain form of thinking, which is characteristic of humanitarian sciences. The writer separately allocates three different configurations of knowledge - this is a renaissance, classical and modern.

9. Creative Evolution | Henri Bergson

"Creative evolution" (Henri Bergson) is one of the best philosophical works. We can safely say that this book focuses not only the sights of the thinker himself, but also represents the idea of \u200b\u200ba whole philosophical direction. One of the key works of the French philosopher claims the title of treatise on the philosophy of evolution. According to the very thinker, the evolution gives a realization that the matter "rather the current than the thing", and the engine of evolution is the "life impulse". The book contains a large number of phrases that have become "winged" and become aphorisms.

8. Will freedom | Sam Harris

(Sam Harris) is one of the best philosophical works of the Grand Thinker. This book is covered by such questions as: there is really a person's freedom of will and whether he is unquesting responsibility for his acts. Harris suggests that, nevertheless, the actions of a person largely determine the genes, and not society or upbringing. People who consider themselves and other personalities are convinced that they have freedom of choice. However, the author of the book cultivates this belief in his philosophical work. He step-by-step argues that in the principle of liberty, there is no will.

7. Second floor | Simon de Bovwar

(Simon de Bovwar) is rightfully among the top ten books on philosophy. One of the most famous works of the great thinker of the second half of the 20th century talks about attitudes towards women throughout the existence of humanity. This book with a feminist bias, so it will be interesting to women. On the writing of the Labor, de Bowaru went about aven half. The resulting two-volume was included by Vaticon in the list of prohibited to read books. The first volume was called "Facts and Myths", the second - "life of a woman." This philosophical work is primarily about the difficult fate of women throughout the history of mankind.

6. Life of mind | Hannah Rent

(Hannah rent) is one of the best works of a German-American philosopher with Jewish roots. This is the last and most significant work of the Great Thinker of the 20th century. In this book, rent holds its own study of the meaning of the word. The philosopher was able to complete only the first two volumes under the names of "thinking" and "wondering". The third one called "judgments" and was not destined to appear, since Hannah is a rent of death. One of the most significant political and mental figures has made a great contribution to philosophy.

5. Language, truth and logic | A. J. Ayer

(A. J. Ayer) is one of the best philosophical works of modernity. The book is one of the most issued according to analytical philosophy. The book is a source of turn in linguistics that, in turn, the image of the 20th century philosophy has changed to some extent. Thus, the "language, truth and logic" serves as the formation of the image of philosophy not only in the eyes of the profesional philosophers, but also among ordinary people. This work is particularly popular in England, where more than one million copies have been released today.

4. Genesis and time | Martin Heidegger

(Martin Heidegger) is one of the best books on philosophy, which has determined the whole direction in the science of all sciences. The main topics of scientific work - loneliness, feeling of abandonment and death. The book traced the echoes of the works of such outstanding writers of postmodernism as Sartre and Cami. In this work, Martin Heidegger has created his own style of language, on which in a very difficult form sets out its thoughts. "Being and Time" is a book difficult to perceive, requiring deep thoughtfulness, not everyone understands it.

3. About duties | Cicero

Philosophical Labor (Cicero) opens the top three books on philosophy. In this total work done by Cicero, many political and legal problems are covered. His worldview in this book, such thinkers such as Aristotle and Plato were a major role in this book. The state for Cicero has nothing like the general herdess of the people. The main reason for the state of the state, according to the thinker, is the need to exist in the team. The obligations of each person who is a citizen of the state according to Cicero, are equity, decency and the greatness of the Spirit. Justice in understanding Cicero is not to harm you to people around you.

2. Nikomakhova Ethics | Aristotle

(Aristotle) \u200b\u200benters the list of the best philosophical works of ancient thinkers. This is one of the three ethical writings of Aristotle. The paper covers such topics as the highest benefit, happiness, virtue. According to the philosopher, true benefit and happiness is in the virtues, which he teaches in the work of labor. The bulk work of the thinker all includes nine books.

1. Conversations and judgments | Confucius

"(Confucius) completes the list of the best books on philosophy. One of the most prominent thinkers in the entire history has greatly influenced philosophy. His dialogues, notes and aphorisms were recorded by his students, after which they were published called Lun-Yu, which is translated and means "thoughts and judgments." For many centuries, this treatise was considered mandatory for memorizing in many higher educational institutions in the world. The book was translated into Russian only at the beginning of the 20th century. Basic topics of books - mercy, justice and common sense.

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